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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Homeostatis?

A

The regulation of the conditions inside your body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changed.

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps of Negative Feedback?

A
  1. Receptor detects levels of x are too low/high
  2. The co-ordinarion centre recieves and processes this information & organises a response
  3. Effector produces a response, which counteracts the change snd restores the optimum level. (level increases/decreases)
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3
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron

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4
Q

What is a Receptor?
What is an Effector?

A

A receptor detects stimuli
An effector responds to the stimuli

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5
Q

What is the reaction time practical?

A
  1. Person 1 sits with their arm resting on the table.
  2. Person 2 lets go of the ruler from zero, without warning.
  3. Person 1 trues to catch the ruler as fast as they can.
  4. The reaction time is measured by the number on the ruler when its caught, the higher then number the slower the reaction time.
  5. Repeat
  6. Repeat having given person 1 caffeine
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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain and what do they do?

A

Cerebral Cortex - responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.
Cerebellum - responsible for muscle coordination.
Medulla - responsible for unconscious activitylike breathing.

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7
Q

How do we learn about the brain?

A

Studying patients with brain damage.
Electronical stimulation.
MRI scans.

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8
Q

What are the 6 parts of the eye?

A
  1. SCLERA - suppoting wall of the eye
  2. CORNEA - transparent outer layer at the front of the eye, it refracts light into the eye.
  3. IRIS - contains muscles and controls the diameter of the pupil
  4. LENS - focuses the light onto the retina
  5. CILIARY MUSCLE & SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS - control the shape of the lens
  6. OPTIC NERVE - carries impulses from the receptors to the brain
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9
Q

Why does the size of the pupil change?

A

To repond to low/high light levels.

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10
Q

How do we look at nearby objects?

A

The ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments slacken.
The lens becomes fat.
This increases refraction of light.

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11
Q

How do we look at distant objects?

A

The ciliary muscles slacken which causes the suspensory ligaments to pull tight.
The lens becomes thinner.
It refracts light less.

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12
Q

Why are people Long Sighted?

A

Their Lens is the wrong shape and doesn’t refract the light enough or the eye is too short.

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13
Q

Why are people short sighted?

A

The lens is the wrong shape and refracts too much light or the eyeball is too long.

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14
Q

How does the body control it’s temperature?

A

TOO HOT
1. Sweat
2. Blood vessels dilate (Vasodilation)

TOO COLD
1. Hairs stand up to create an insulating layer
2. Blood vessels constrict (Vasoconstriction)
3. Shivering

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15
Q

What are the 6 parts if the Endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Thyroid
  3. Adrenal Gland
  4. The Pancreas
  5. Ovaries
  6. Testes
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16
Q

What’s the difference between nerves and hormones?

A

NERVES
1. Fast action
2. Short term changes
3. Very specific area

HORMONES
1. Slower action
2. Long term changes
3. More general area

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17
Q

What is the difference between diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2?

A

TYPE 1
1. No insulin produced by the pancreas.
2. Blood glucose levels are uncontrolled.
3. Often take insulin injections and watch their diet.

TYPE 2
1. Resistant to insulin.
2. Blood glucose levels are uncontrolled.
3. Obesity is a major risk factor for Type 2
4. Regular excersise and watching diet.

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18
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

The kidneys make urine by taking waste products out of the blood. Substances are filtered out (filtration) as they pass through in the blood. Some useful things are reabsorbed (selective reabsorbtion)

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19
Q

What is urea?

A

Urea is created when excess amino acids are turned to fats and carbohydrates (deamination).
This process creates Ammonia, which is toxic, so is converted to urea in the liver.

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20
Q

What is ADH?

A

It controls the concentration of urine.
The brain monitors water levels in the blood and instructs the pituitary gland on how much ADH to release.
It is a process of negative feedback.

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21
Q

How does dialysis work?

A

It is done regularly to replace the kidneys. (3-4 times a week for hours at a time)

  1. The blood flows through partially permeable membranes, surrounded by dialysis fluid.
  2. These permeable membranes allow ions and waste products through but not big molecules like proteins (like the kidneys)
  3. The dialysis fluid concentration is specific to that of healthy blood.
  4. This means dissolved ions and glucose dont diffuse out of the blood.
  5. Only waste substances diffuse across the barrier.
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22
Q

What are the problems with dialysis?

A

Time intensive
Expensive for hospitals to run
Can cause blood clots

23
Q

What are the positives and negatives of kidney transplants?

A

NEGATIVES
1. There are very few organ donors
2. The kidney may be rejected by the persons body

POSITIVES
1. The only cure for kidney failure
2. Transplants are cheaper in the long run

24
Q

Explain the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

STAGE 1
Day 1-4
The lining of the uterus breaks down
STAGE 2
Day 4-14
The lining of the uterus builds up
STAGE 3
Day 14
Egg released
STAGE 4
Day 15-28
Lining of the uterus maintained

NEXT CYCLE

25
Q

What is FSH?

A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
1. produced in the pituitary gland
2. Causes an egg to mature in the ovaries
3. Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

26
Q

What is LH?

A

LH (Luteinising Hormone)
1. Produced by the pituitary gland
2. Stimulates the release of an egg at day 14

27
Q

What is Oestrogen?

A
  1. Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries
  2. Causes the lining of the uterus to grow
  3. Stimulates the release of LH and inhibits FSH
28
Q

What is Progesterone?

A
  1. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries
  2. Maintains the lining of the uterus, When progesterone levels fall the lining breaks down
  3. Inhibits the release of LH and FSH
29
Q

What are 4 forms of contraception?
How do they work?

A
  1. Condoms are worn over the penis during intercourse
  2. A diaphragm is a shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix.
  3. Spermicide kills sperm, but it is not as effective
  4. The pill contains oestrogen and progesterone
30
Q

What is Adrenaline?

A
  1. Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands
  2. Adrenaline is released in response to stressful and scary situations
  3. It causes the fight or flight response by triggering higher supplies of oxygen & glucose.
31
Q

What is Thyroxine?

A
  1. Thyroxine is released by the thyroid gland
  2. It regulates the base metabolic rate
32
Q

What is Auxin?

A
  • Auxin is a plant growth hormone found near the tips of roots and shoots in plants
  • It controls the growth of the plant in reponse to gravity or light.
33
Q

How do we use Auxins?

A
  1. Killing weeds
  2. Helping cuttings grow using rooting powder
  3. Growing cells in tissue culture
34
Q

How do we use Gibberellin?

A
  1. Controlling dormancy
  2. Inducing flowering
  3. Growing larger fruits
35
Q

What does gibberellin do?

A

It stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering.

36
Q

What does Ethene do?

A

It stimulates the ripening of fruit

37
Q

How do we use ethene?

A
  1. To speed up ripening
  2. To keep fruit fresh, as it can be picked unripe.
  3. Removing ethene delays ripening
38
Q

How does the body regulate high blood sugar?

A
  1. Insulin is released.
  2. Insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen in order to store it.
39
Q

How does the body regulate low blood sugar?

A
  1. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.
  2. Glucagon triggers the liver to turn glycogen into glucose.
  3. Higher Blood sugar.
40
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

41
Q

What is the 7 step pathway for a CNS recorded response?

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, CNS, motor neurone, effector, response.

42
Q

Why do we need reflexes?

A

They help prevent injury.

43
Q

How does a synapse work?

A

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap.

44
Q

Where does the reflex arc go?

A

The spinal chord or the unconscious part of the brain.

45
Q

How can we treat vision defects?

A
  • Contact lenses compensate for the fault.
  • Laser eye surgery changes the shape of the cornea.
  • Replacement lens surgery using an artificial lens.
46
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone secreted by tha pancreas that triggers the liver to turn glycogen into glucose.

47
Q

What is filtered out of the blood by the kidney?

A
  • Urea.
  • Ions such as sodium.
  • Water.
48
Q

How does taking oestrogen reduce fertility?

A

It prevents the release of an egg because high levels inhibit the release of FSH.

49
Q

How does taking progesterone reduce fertility?

A

It stimulates the production of thick mucus that prevents the sperm reaching the egg.

50
Q

What are the most drastic ways of avoiding pregnancy?

A

Abstinence, sterilisation.

51
Q

What hormone do we give women with fertility issues?

A

FSH and LH

52
Q

What are the cons of IVF?

A
  • Multiple births are common which makes for a more dangerous birth.
  • IVF success rate is low (26%).
  • It is emotionally and physically stressful.
53
Q

Why are people against IVF?

A
  • Unused embryos are destroyed.
  • Designer babies may occur.
54
Q

How do we carry out the plant growth practical?

A
  1. Place 10 cress seeds into 3 petri dishes lined with moist filter paper.
  2. Shine a light onto each petri dish, one at a direct angle and the others in different directions.
  3. Leave for a week.
  4. Observe them (they will grow towards the light).

Biology (4 decks)

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