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Alevel Chemistry Edexcel > Topic 6 - Organic Chemistry 1 > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Organic Chemistry 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of an alkane?

A

only a C-C

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2
Q

What is the structure of an alkene?

A

C=C

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3
Q

What is the structure of an alcohol?

A

-OH

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4
Q

What is the structure of a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

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5
Q

What is the structure of an ester?

A
  • C=O

- O-C

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6
Q

What is the structure of an aldehyde?

A

-C=O
-H
(must be on end carbon)

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7
Q

What is the structure of a ketone?

A

-C=O

must not be on end carbon - something else comes of carbon

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8
Q

What is the structure of a halogenoalkane?

A

-X

X=halogen

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9
Q

What is the structure of an amine?

A

-NH2

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10
Q

What is the structure of an amide?

A
  • C=O

- NH2

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11
Q

What does the name of an alkane end in?

A

-ane

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12
Q

What does the name of an alkene end in?

A

-ene

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13
Q

What does the name of an alcohol end in?

A

-ol

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14
Q

What does the name of a carboxylic acid end in?

A

-oic acid

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15
Q

What does the name of an ester end in?

A

-yl -oate

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16
Q

What does the name of an aldehyde end in?

A

-al

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17
Q

What does the name of a ketone end in?

A

-one

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18
Q

What does the name of a halogenalkane end in?

A

-ane

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19
Q

What does the name of an amine end in?

A

-yl amine

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20
Q

What does the name of an amide end in?

A

-amide

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21
Q

What do you call a 1 carbon chain?

A

meth

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22
Q

What do you call a 2 carbon chain?

A

eth

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23
Q

What do you call a 3 carbon chain?

A

prop

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24
Q

What do you call a 4 carbon chain?

A

but

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25
Q

What do you call a 5 carbon chain?

A

pent

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26
Q

What do you call a 6 carbon chain?

A

hex

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27
Q

What do you call a 7 carbon chain?

A

hept

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28
Q

What do you call a 8 carbon chain?

A

oct

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29
Q

What do you call a 9 carbon chain?

A

non

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30
Q

What do you call a 10 carbon chain?

A

dec

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31
Q

What do you call an additional CH3 joined to a main carbon chain?

A

methyl

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32
Q

What do you call an additional CH2CH3 joined to a main carbon chain?

A

ethyl

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33
Q

What do you call an additional CH2CH2CH3 joined to a main carbon chain?

A

propyl

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34
Q

What do you call an additional F joined to a main carbon chain?

A

fluoro

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35
Q

What do you call an additional Cl joined to a main carbon chain?

A

chloro

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36
Q

What do you call an additional Br joined to a main carbon chain?

A

bromo

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37
Q

What do you call an additional I joined to a main carbon chain?

A

iodo

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38
Q

What do you call an additional OH joined to a main carbon chain?

A

hydroxy

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39
Q

What do you call an additional NH2 joined to a main carbon chain?

A

amino

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40
Q

What is an isomer?

A

different arrangement of atoms with the same molecular formula

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41
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A

carbon chain isomers
positional isomers
functional group isomers

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42
Q

What are carbon chain isomers?

A

isomers with different lengths of carbon chain

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43
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

isomers with different positions of functional groups

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44
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

isomers with different functional groups

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45
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

a type of stereoisomers where there is little rotation around a double C=C bond when there are different groups around the carbons

  • cis and trans
  • E/Z
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46
Q

What does a molecular formula show?

A

states numbers of each atom

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47
Q

What does an emperical formula show?

A

simplest ratio of each atom

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48
Q

What does a displayed structure show?

A

all the atoms and bonds

49
Q

What does a structural formula show?

A

indicates structure but no bonds are shown

50
Q

What does a skeletal formula show?

A

shows C-C bonds but no carbon or hydrogen atoms

each kink represents a carbon

51
Q

What happens in an addition reaction?

A

two or more substances combine to form one product

52
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

one atom/group replaces another

53
Q

What happens in an oxidation reaction?

A

the addition of an oxygen or removal of a hydrogen

54
Q

What happens in a reduction reaction?

A

the addition of a hydrogen or removal of an oxygen

55
Q

What happens in an elimination reaction?

A

one group/species is eliminated from an organic substance

56
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

water splits an organic molecule into two parts

57
Q

What happens in a polymerisation reaction?

A

lots of monomers join to form a long polymer chain

58
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

two or more substances combine and a small molecule is released in the process
(addition + elimination)

59
Q

alkane + oxygen ->

complete combustion

A

water + carbon dioxide

60
Q

What happens in halogenation?

A

alkane reacts with halogen in UV light
-free radical substitution

three stages involved

1) initiation
2) propagation
3) termination

61
Q

What happens in the 3 stages of halogenation?

A

1) initiation -homolytic bond breaking to form 2 free radicals
2) propagation -non-radical molecule reacts with a radical to produce a different non-radical and a different radical (no net gain or loss of free radicals)
3) termination -radicals react together to form uncharged molecules

62
Q

What is heterolytic bond breaking?

A

bond breaks unevenly so that one of the bonding atoms receives both electrons from the bonding pair of electrons to form a cation and an anion
eg. X-Y -> X- + Y+
(double headed arrow used)

63
Q

What is homolytic bond breaking?

A

bond breaks evenly so that each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair of electrons to form two radicals
eg. X-Y -> X• + Y•
(two single headed arrows used)

64
Q

What is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

-can be known as petroleum

65
Q

What does fractional distillation do?

A

convert crude oil into smaller fractions

66
Q

What are the steps in fractional distillation?

A

-crude oil is heated and vaporises
-enters fractioning column (with conc gradient -hottest at bottom)
-hydrocarbons rise up through trays and condense at different points (because they have different bps) and run off
bottom -longer chains condense (high bps)
top -shorter chains condense (low bps)

67
Q

What does cracking do?

A

breaks long chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons

68
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

thermal cracking

catalytic cracking

69
Q

What does thermal cracking require?

A

high temps and high pressure

70
Q

What does thermal cracking produce?

A

alkenes

71
Q

What does catalytic cracking require?

A

zeolite catalyst (Al2O3)
low pressure
low temp

72
Q

What does reforming do?

A

converts straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain hydrocarbons and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion

73
Q

Why do straight chain hydrocarbons burn less efficiently?

A

because of knocking/exploding

74
Q

When alkanes are burned what pollutants can be produced?

A
  • carbon monoxide (produced from incomplete combustion. Binds with haemoglobin in blood which prevents transport of oxygen -toxic)
  • oxides of nitrogen (produced when nitrogen reacts with oxygen at high temps. Can cause acid rain)
  • oxides of sulphur (produced when sulphur reacts with oxygen to form SO2 which can form other sulphur oxides in atmosphere. Can cause acid rain)
  • carbon particles (produced from incomplete combustion. Can be breathed in and cause coughing, headaches, heart diseases, etc)
75
Q

What is a catalytic converter?

A

metals (platinum, rhodium and palladium) spread over honey comb-like mesh

  • increases SA for reactions
  • removes pollutants (eg. CO, unburned hydrocarbons, etc) when exhaust gases pass over it
76
Q

Why is a honeycomb structure used in a catalytic convertor?

A
  • increases SA (has more active sites)

- allows gases to pass through

77
Q

What alternative fuels are there to fossil fuels?

A

biofuels (during photosynthesis crops take in CO2 and produce sugars/oils which can be burned as fuels -when burned they have no effect on CO2 in atmosphere ∴ carbon neutral)

  • bioethanol (ethanol from fermentation of sugar from crops)
  • biodiesel (made by refining renewable fats/oils)
  • biogas (made by breaking down organic waste matter)
78
Q

What is the test for double bonds?

A

bromine water

-changes from orange to colourless

79
Q

Why are alkenes highly reactive?

A

-they have a double bond

80
Q

alkene + oxygen ->

complete combustion

A

carbon dioxide + water

81
Q

What is the difference between the complete combustion of a straight chain alkene and a cycloalkene?

A

straight chains burn cleanly

cycloalkenes burn with a sooty flame

82
Q

alkene + potassium manganite ->

A

diol

double bond is oxidised, only occurs in acidic conditions, potassium manganite turns colourless

83
Q

alkene + halogen ->

A

dihalogenoalkane

84
Q

alkene + hydrogen halide ->

A

halogenoalkane

electrophilic additon, carbocation intermediate formed

85
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

a species with a positive charge which is attracted to areas of high electron density

86
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

an organic molecule containing a carbon atom which is deficient in one electron so has a positive charge

87
Q

alkene + steam ->

A

alcohol

acid catalyst

88
Q

alkene + hydrogen ->

A

alkane

nickel catalyst + 150° or palladium catalyst + room temp

89
Q

Which carbocation is most stable?

A

tertiary carbocation

-because it has 3 methyl groups that can donate electron density inwards to stabilise positive charge

90
Q

What does Markovnikof’s rule state?

A

the hydrogen atom initially adding onto the organic molecule will add to the carbon of the double bond that already has the most hydrogens
-this forms a more stable carbocation and hence the major product

91
Q

What can be done with waste polymers?

A
  • recycled (melted + remoulded)
  • incinerated (burned to release energy -toxic gases can be released in the process)
  • reused as feedstock in cracking
  • buried in landfill
92
Q

What solutions are there to polymer disposal?

A
  • limit waste products
  • develop biodegradable polymers (expensive)
  • minimise energy use (eg. use catalysts)
  • use less other materials
  • use more renewable materials
93
Q

What are the properties of halogenoalkanes?

A
  • bps higher than alkanes but lower than alcohols (can from London forces and PD interactions)
  • generally insoluble in water (no H-bonds except fluoroalkanes)
  • readily react with nucleophiles (in nucleophilic substitution, nucleophiles attack their 𝛿+ carbon)
94
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

a negative ion/molecule with a lone pair of electrons that attacks areas of positive charge

95
Q

halogenoalkane + aqueous potassium hydroxide ->

A

alcohol (+halide ion)

nucleophilic substitution where OH- (from water) acts as nucleophile and attacks 𝛿+ carbon

96
Q

halogenoalkane + alcoholic potassium hydroxide ->

A

alkene (+water +halide ion)

elimination where OH- acts as a base and takes H from halogenoalkane

97
Q

halogenoalkane + aqueous silver nitrate ->

A

alcohol
(reacts with water, substitution)

precipitate forms from silver nitrate (white = AgCl, cream = AgBr, yellow = AgI)

98
Q

halogenoalkane + potassium cyanide ->

A

nitrile

reflux, CN- acts as nucleophile

99
Q

halogenoalkane + ammonia ->

A

amine

heated in sealed vessel, concentrated ammonia in excess

100
Q

Do chloro, bromo or iodo alkanes react the fastest?

A

iodoalkanes have the fastest rate
-iodine is the largest atom so forms longer (weaker) bonds which require less energy to break

chloroalkanes have the slowest rate
-chlorine is the smallest atom so forms shorter (stronger) bonds which require more energy to break

101
Q

Do primary, secondary or tertiary halogenoalkanes react the fastest?

A

tertiary halogenoalkanes have the fastest rate
-form a more stable carbocation

primary halogenoalkanes have the slowest rate
-form unstable carbocation so waits to be attacked by water molecule rather than forming a carbocation -this takes longer

102
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A
  • high bps (can H-bond)
  • shorter chain alcohols are soluble in water (can H-bond with water) whereas long chain alcohols are insoluble in water (long hydrophobic tails disrupt potential H-bonds)
  • reactive (act as nucleophiles due to their lone pair of electrons on the oxygen)
103
Q

alcohol + oxygen ->

combustion

A

carbon dioxide + water

104
Q

alcohol + pentachloride ->

A

chloroalkane (+POCl3 +HCl)

105
Q

alcohol + sulfuric acid + potassium bromide ->

A

bromoalkane (+ water)

acid and potassium bromide produces hydrogen bromide, which then reacts with the alcohol

106
Q

alcohol + red phosphorus + iodine ->

A

iodoalkane (+HPO3)

(reflux, phosphorus and iodine produce phosphorus(III)iodide which then reacts with the alcohol, iodoalkane can be distilled off)

107
Q

alcohol + phosphoric acid ->

(H3PO4)

A

alkene + water

elimination, phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst

108
Q

What oxidising agent is used to oxidise alcohols?

A 
potassium dichromate (VI) 
(K2Cr2O7)
109
Q

What is produced when a primary alcohol is oxidised?

A 
aldehyde (partial oxidation)
carboxylic acid (full oxidation)
110
Q

What happens in the partial oxidation of a primary alcohol?

A
  • distillation
  • potassium dichromate and H+ present
  • aldehyde and water formed
111
Q

How can you test for an aldehyde?

A

add Benedict’s/Fehling’s solution
+ve result: colour change from blue to brick red
-Cu2+ ions are reduced to CuO (a red ppt)

112
Q

What happens in the full oxidation of a primary alcohol?

A
  • reflux (vertical condenser with open top)
  • potassium dichromate and H+ present
  • carboxylic acid and water produced
113
Q

How can you test for a carboxylic acid?

A

add calcium/sodium carbonate

+ve result: fizzing and bubbling

114
Q

What is produced when a secondary alcohol is oxidised?

A

ketone

115
Q

What happens in the oxidation of a secondary alcohol?

A
  • reflux
  • potassium dichromate used as oxidising agent
  • ketone produced
116
Q

Why can tertiary alcohols not be oxidised?

A

it can not form any oxygen double bonds (because there are methyl and hydroxy groups attached to carbon)

117
Q

What is a separating funnel used for and how is it used?

A

to separate an organic product and water (and any soluble impurities)

  • product and water are shaken in funnel
  • organic layer and aqueous layer (containing impurities) don’t mix (are immiscible) so separate into 2 layers
  • the layers can be run off separately
118
Q

What can anhydrous salts be used for and how are they used?

A

to remove traces of water

  • salt is used as a drying agent by binding to water molecules to become hydrated
  • mixture can be filtered afterwards to remove salt
119
Q

How do anti-bumping granules prevent bumping?

A
  • distribute heat more evenly

- provide a surface for bubbles to form

Alevel Chemistry Edexcel (19 decks)

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