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AS Biology 9700 > Topic 6 Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Topic 6 Nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of genetic material

A
  1. Ability to carry instructions/ information
  2. Ability to be copied
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2
Q

What are Nucleic acids

A

Monomers= nucleotides

  • joined by condensation reaction to form a phosphodiester bond
  • hydrogen bonds also form between complementray base pairs
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3
Q

What are nucleotides

A
  1. Nitrogenous base: Purine/ Pyrimidine base (C, G, T, A, U)
  2. Pentose sugar: 5 carbon sugar (either deoxyibose or ribose)
  3. phosphate group: negatively charged (making DNA acidic in nature)
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4
Q

What is an ATP

A

ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) is a RNA nucleotide
1. pentose sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base (contains adenine)

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5
Q

Types on Nitrogenous base

A

Pyrimidine bases- 1 ring:
- Cytosine
- Uracil (RNA only)
- Thymine (DNA only)

Purine- 2 rings:
- Adenine
- Guanine

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6
Q

Complementary base pairing

A
  • Cytosine pairs with Guanine (Cars in the Garage)
  • Adenine pairs with Thymine/ Uracil (Apple Tree)

Purine always binds with pyrimidine

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7
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA:
- Adenine + Thymine, Cytosine + Guanine
- deoxyribose sugar
- Double helix
- longer length

RNA:
- Adenine + Uracil, Cytosine + Guanine
- Ribose sugar
- Single helix
- Shorter length

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8
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  1. Two sugar-phosphate backbones
    - alternating sugar and phosphate groups
    - linked by phosphodiester bond
    - formed by condensation reaction
    - occurs in the S phase (interphase)
  2. Complementary base pairs between the opposite strands
    - Two H bonds between A-T
    - Three H bonds between G-C
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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • between 2 complementary bases of 2 DNA strands
  • important for 3D structure
  • 2 strands of polynucleotides are anti-parallel
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10
Q

Semi conservative Replication (+enzymes involved)

A

occurs in the nucleus furing S phase of interphase

enzymes:
1. Helicase- breaks Hydrogen bonds
2. DNA Polymerase- Sythesises a new strand of DNA, formation of phosphodiester bond
3. DNA Ligase- Join DNA fragments (Okazaki’s fragment) together, formation of phosphodiester bond

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11
Q

Process of Semi conservative replication

A
  1. DNA double helix unwinds
  2. DNA helicase breaks H bonds
  3. Activated nucleotides joind by complementary base pairing
  4. DNA polymerase /ligase catalyses formation of phosphodiester bond
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12
Q

How does gene code for proteins?

A

sequences of 3 bases is needed to code for 1 amino acid

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13
Q

Types of RNA

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
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14
Q

mRNA

A
  • single stranded
  • bases= A, U, C, G
  • copy of the gene that codes for a polypeptide
  • made in nucleus and mored to ribosomes
  • codon= a set of 3 bases on mRNA
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15
Q

What are codons

A
  • Set of 3 bases on mRNA
  • Read by tRNA
  • Start codon: AUG
  • End codon: UAA, UAG, UGA
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16
Q

tRNA

A
  • made in the nucleus
  • found in cytoplasm
  • 20 different types for 20 amino acids
  • carried a specivic amino acid to ribsomes
17
Q

rRNA

A
  • single srand
  • made in the nucleolus
  • make yp ribsome
  • rRNA + same proteins= ribosomes (site of photo synthesis)
18
Q

Transcription

A

Stage 1: transcription
1. DNA double helix unwinds
2. Helicase breaks H bonds
3. Free activated RNA nucleotides bind according to complementary base pairing
4. RNA polymerase attaches to the template strand and catalyses formation of phosphodiester bond

Stage 2: RNA processing
1. pre-mRNA has introns & exons
2. Introns removed via RNA splicing
3. Exons joined together to form mature mRNA

19
Q

Translation

A

Protein Synthesis

  1. mRNA binds to ribosome
  2. tRNA carries specific amino acid to ribosomes
  3. Second tRNA molecules with amino acids binds with the next codon on mRNA
  4. Peptidyl transferase catalyses formation of peptide bond
  5. Ribosome moves along on codon more on the mRNA
  6. Polypeptide is released when stop codon reached
20
Q

Types of Mutation

A

Random change in the nucleotide sequence
1. chromosome mutation- change in structure/number of chromosome
2. Gene mutation- change in sequence of bases in a gene

21
Q

Types of gene mutation

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Insertion/ addition
  3. Deletion
22
Q

Gene mutation: Substitution

A
  1. silent mutation: codon still codes for same amino acid
  2. nonsense mutation: stop codon is introduced
  3. Missence mutation: codon codes for different amino acids
23
Q

Gene mutation: insertation/ deletion

A
  1. Framshift mutation
    - deleting/ inserting one nucleotide
    - all codons are affected
    = faulty, non-functional protein
  2. nonsense mutation
    - results in stop codon
    =incomplete, non-functional protein

AS Biology 9700 (10 decks)

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