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Chemistry > Topic 6 - Materials > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

Reactivity series of metals

A

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum

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2
Q

Metals extracted by electrolysis

A

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium

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3
Q

Metals extracted by heating with carbon

A

Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper

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4
Q

Uncombined elements

A

Silver
Gold
Platinum

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5
Q

Ore

A

An ore is a rock that contains enough of a metal compound to extract a metal for profit.

More reactive metals will react with other elements to form compounds in rocks.
Unreactive metals are found in the earths crust as the uncombined elements.

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6
Q

Form of reduction

A

Extraction

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7
Q

Form of oxidation

A

Corrosion

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

Gain of oxygen
Loss of electrons

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9
Q

Reduction

A

Loss of oxygen
Gain of electrons

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10
Q

Alternative biological extraction methods

A

• Phytoextraction
• Bioleaching

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11
Q

Bioleaching

A

• Bacteria brown on low grade ore
• Bacteria extract metal

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12
Q

Phytoextraction

A

• Plants are grown on soil containing metal ores, plants absorb metals.
• Burn the plants to get the metal from ash.

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13
Q

Disadvantages of biological methods of extraction

A

• Dependant on weather conditions
• Very slow
• Toxic substances released/leachate

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14
Q

Advantages of alternative methods of extraction

A

• No mining/damage
• Cheaper

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15
Q

Extraction

A

Process of obtaining a metal from a compound.

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16
Q

Recycling metals

A

When metals can be recycled by melting them down and making them into something new.

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17
Q

Advantages of recycling metals

A

• Saves energy, which reduces burning of fossil fuels which are running out and contribute to acid rain and climate change.
• As there is a finite amount of raw materials it conserves these resources.
• Extracting metals impacts the environment. Mines are damaging to the environment and destroy habitats. Recycling metals means we won’t need mines.

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18
Q

Disadvantages of recycling metals

A

• Costs and energy used in collecting, transporting and sorting metals to be recycled.
• Can be more expensive and require more energy to recycle than to extract new metal.

19
Q

Life cycle assessment

A

A life cycle assessment looks at each stage of the life of a product. It works out the potential environmental impact of each stage.

20
Q

Stages of the lifecycle assessment

A

• Obtaining and processing raw materials
• Manufacturing and packaging
• Using the product
• Disposal of the product

21
Q

Obtaining and processing raw materials

A

• Using up limited resources such as ores and crude oil.
• Damaging habitats through deforestation or mining.

22
Q

Manufacturing and packaging

A

• Using up land for factories
• The use of fossil fuelled machines for production and transport
• Porduction of waste

23
Q

Using the product

A

Using the product can also damage the environment. For example:
1) Paint gives off toxic fumes.
2) Burning fuels releases greenhouse gasses and other harmful substances.
3) Fertilisers can leach into streams and cause damage to ecosystems.

24
Q

Disposal of the product

A

• Using up space at landfill sites
• Wether the product or parts can be recycled

25
Q

Limitations of the lifecycle assessment

A

• Making products involves loads of different steps and it’s almost impossible to quantify them.
• Difficult to assess the harm of each step.
• Complex which means can be manipulated to deliberately support a company.

26
Q

Why should the lifecycle assessment be used?

A

• Help people decide whether it’s worthwhile to manufacture and recycle product.
• Can be used to compare the effect of using different materials for the same product.

27
Q

Allotropes

A

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element.

Diamond
Graphite
Graphene
Fullerenes

28
Q

Diamond properties?

A

• Giant covalent structure
• Each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds.
• No free electrons - does not conduct electricity.
• High melting point
• Hard - no intermolecular forces

29
Q

Diamond uses?

A

• Cutting tools - The rigid network of carbon atoms, held together by strong covalent bonds, makes diamond very hard.
• Jewellery

30
Q

Graphite properties?

A

• Giant covalent structure
• Each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms
• Conducts electricity - delocalised electron
• High melting point
• Strong covalent bonds
• Weak intermolecular forces - No covalent bonds between layers
• Soft

31
Q

Graphite uses?

A

• Electrodes - Each carbon atoms forms 3 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms which means that there is one delocalised electron from each atoms so it can conduct electricity.
• Lubricant + pencils - Graphite has weak intermolecular forces so the layers can slide over each other which makes it slippery.

32
Q

Graphene properties?

A

• Single layer of graphite
• Giant covalent structure
• Each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms
• Strong covalent bonds
• High melting point
• Conducts electricity
• Strong

33
Q

Graphene uses?

A

• Electronics - Each carbon atoms forms 3 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms which means that there is one delocalised electron from each atoms so it can conduct electricity.
• Making composites - (material made from 3 or more different materials with contrasting properties).

34
Q

Buckminster fullerene properties?

A

• 60 carbon atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds. Carbon atoms arranged in hexagons.
• Weak intermolecular forces
• Low melting point
• Strong covalent bonds
• Conducts electricity
• Large surface area
• Fullerene structure

35
Q

Buckminster fullerene properties?

A

• Drug delivery into the body
• Lubricants
• Catalysts
They can act as hollow cages to trap other molecules. This is how they can carry drug molecules around the body and delivery them to where they are needed, and trap dangerous substances in the body and remove them.

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dot and cross diagrams

A

+ Useful for illustrating the transfer of electrons
+ Where the electrons in the bonds come from
- Fails to illustrate the 3D arrangements of the atoms and electron shells
- Doesn’t include the relative sizes of the atoms

37
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the ball and stick model

A

+ Useful for illustrating the arrangement of atoms in 3D space
+ Especially useful for visualising the shape of a molecule.
- Fails at indicating the movement of electrons
- The atoms are placed far apart from each other, which in reality is not the case as the gaps between the atoms are much smaller

38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of 2D representations?

A

+ Simple and a great way of showing what atoms something contains
+ How the atoms are connected
- Don’t show shape of the substance
- Don’t give any idea about the sizes of the atoms

39
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the 3D model?

A

+ Show the arrangement of ions
- Only show the outer layer of the substance

40
Q

Displacement reactions

A

When a more reactive metal in the reactivity series will displace a less reactive metal from its compound.

41
Q

Test for hydrogen gas

A

Lit splint gives a squeaky pop.

42
Q

Core practical: Method to test 3 metals to determine order of reactivity?

A

1) Add 5cm3 of acid to the test tube.
2) Record the temperature of the acid.
3) Add a spatula or the metal filling and record your observations and new temperature.

43
Q

Why is the method used to extract a metal from its ore related to its position in the reactivity series and the cost of extraction process?

A

• Metals higher than carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted using electrolysis which is expensive
• Metals below carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted using carbon.

Chemistry (13 decks)

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