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Biology GCSE > Topic 6: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 6: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to both internal and external conditions.

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are made in certain organs and travel around in the bloodstream, affecting various parts of the body.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main conditions controlled by hormones in the body?

A

Temperature
Water content
Glucose concentration

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4
Q

Why does temperature need to be kept at optimum level?

A

Must be kept stable for enzymes to work.

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5
Q

Why does water content need to be kept at optimum level?

A

Dehydration may make body fluids too concentrated and damage the body, being too hydrated can dilute the body fluids.

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6
Q

Why does glucose concentration need to be kept at optimum level?

A

Glucose is essential for energy but too high or too low glucose levels can damage the body.

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7
Q

What are hormones carried by?

A

Blood.

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8
Q

What is the speed of hormone transmission?

A

Slow.

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9
Q

What is the nervous system carried by?

A

Neurones.

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10
Q

What is the speed of the nervous system transmission?

A

Fast.

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11
Q

what are blood glucose levels reduced by?

A

The hormone insulin (a protein) which is released by the pancreas.

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12
Q

If you have low glucose levels, what effect does insulin have one the pancreas?

A

Insulin won’t be secreted into the blood.

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13
Q

If you have high glucose levels, what effect does insulin have one the pancreas?

A

Insulin will be secreted into the blood.

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14
Q

If you have low glucose levels, what effect does insulin have one the liver?

A

The liver won’t convert glucose into insoluble glycogen.

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15
Q

If you have high glucose levels, what effect does insulin have on the liver?

A

The liver will convert glucose into glycogen for storage.

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16
Q

If you have low glucose levels, what effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?

A

Increases it.

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17
Q

If you have high glucose levels, what effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?

A

Decreases it.

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18
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A mechanism that lowers raised levels of something, and raises reduced levels of something.

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19
Q

What is an animal which is ectotherm?

A

An animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat (cold-blooded).

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20
Q

What is an animal which is endotherm?

A

An animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat (warm-blooded).

21
Q

What is the stimulus in negative feedback of glucose control?

A

The blood glucose levels rising or dropping.

22
Q

What is the receptor in negative feedback of glucose control?

A

The pancreas.

23
Q

What is the processor in negative feedback of glucose control?

A

The pancreas.

24
Q

What is the effector in negative feedback of glucose control?

A

The liver.

25
Q

What is the response in negative feedback of glucose control?

A

If levels are high, the liver the stimulates glucose uptake by cells.
If levels are low, the liver turns glycogen into glucose.

26
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

Genetics - a lack of insulin.

27
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

Obesity - high glucose in diet and the body no longer responds properly to insulin.

28
Q

Is insulin produced with type 1 diabetes?

A

Basically none is produced.

29
Q

Is insulin produced with type 2 diabetes?

A

Yes but it’s ineffective.

30
Q

What is treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin injection.

31
Q

What is treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

Weight loss - dieting exercising.

32
Q

What does type 1 diabetes usually effect?

A

Younger ages / at birth.

33
Q

What does type 2 diabetes usually effect?

A

Older people, unhealthy people and overweight people.

34
Q

What happens if you don’t maintain your body’s internal conditions?

A

Enzymes will denature which slows metabolic reactions.

35
Q

What are metabolic reaction?

A

Chemical reactions in organisms.

36
Q

What is denaturing?

A

The process of modifying the molecular structure of a protein.

37
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too high?

A

It effects osmosis.

Insulin is added to the blood to convert excess glucose into glycogen.

38
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too low?

A

Due to being a form of fuel, low levels can effect respiration negatively.
Glycogen is used as a fuel instead.

39
Q

How does the body react when we are too cold? (4)

A

Shivering produces heat
Hair stands up, Goosebumps - traps layer of air
Vasoconstriction
Sweat isn’t produced

40
Q

How does the body react when we are too hot? (4)

A

No shivering
sweat produced - heat evaporates it
Vasodilation
Hair lies flat

41
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to enter capillaries.

42
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow in capillaries.

43
Q

What does a sweat pore do?

A

Sweat is released onto the skin through the pore, as the sweat evaporates it cools the skin and body.

44
Q

What does a sweat duct do?

A

Carries sweat to the surface of the skin.

45
Q

What does a sweat gland do?

A

Removes water and salt from the blood, producing sweat.

46
Q

What do the blood capillaries in the skin do?

A

The flow of blood through the capillaries can be changed to help control heat loos from the skin.

47
Q

What does the hair erector muscle do?

A

Contracts to raise the hair when cold.

Relaxes to lower the hair when hot.

48
Q

What happens when the hair erector muscles contract?

A

The hair stands up, trapping a layer of warm air next to the skin to insulate heat in the body.

49
Q

What happens when the hair erector muscles relax?

A

Hair lies flat so less air is trapped next to the skin. More heat is lost.

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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