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Biology GCSE > Topic 5: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Topic 5: The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system? (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerve cells that carry information to or from the central nervous system.

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3
Q

What are sense organs?

A

A group of specialised cells called receptor cells, which can detect changes around them, either internally or externally.

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4
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in environment that can be detected.

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5
Q

What are 5 examples of stimuli?

A

Light, sound, chemicals, touch and temperature.

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6
Q

Where does the information from sense organs travel to?

A

The brain and spinal cord (CNS) along nerve cells (neurones).

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7
Q

What are nerves formed by?

A

neurones which are grouped together.

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8
Q

What is an impulse?

A

The signal that travels along the neurones as an electrical current.

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9
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

Specialised neurones that pass through the central nervous system toward a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.

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10
Q

What are sensory neurones?

A

Specialised neurons that send information from the sense organs to the CNS.

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11
Q

What is reaction time?

A

When a response happens, reaction time is the time taken between the stimulus and the response.

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12
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A tiny gap at the junction between two nerve cells, which nerve signals must cross.

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13
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A very rapid, automatic response.

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14
Q

What are 5 examples of reflexes?

A

Breathing, blinking, swallowing, sneezing and coughing.

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15
Q

What is a receptor?

A

An organ that detects the stimulus.

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16
Q

What does a coordinator do?

A

Detect the signal from a receptor and sends an impulse to the effector.

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17
Q

What is an effector?

A

Part of the body that produces the response.

usually a muscle

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18
Q

What is the response?

A

The action carried out.

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19
Q

What is a receptor cell?

A

A cell that can detect stimuli inside or outside the body.

20
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A

A specialised neurone that carries nerve impulses within the central nervous system.

21
Q

What are the 5 stages of a reflex?

A
  1. The stimulus is received by the receptor.
  2. An impulse is sent along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
  3. The impulse moves across a synapse to the relay neurone.
  4. The relay neurone transmits the signal to the motor neurone.
  5. The motor neurones stimulates the effector (the muscle) to respond.
22
Q

Why are reflexes involentary?

A

Because reflexes don’t go through the brain, they go through the spinal cord.

23
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger produced in glands and carried by the blood to specific organs in the body.

24
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action.

25
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A plant tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus.

26
Q

What is a phototropism?

A

A growth in response to light.

27
Q

What is a gravitropism?

A

Growth towards or away from the pull of gravity.

28
Q

What is an example of a positive tropism?

A

Plant shoots grow towards the light.

29
Q

What is an example of a negative tropism?

A

Roots grow away from light.

30
Q

What is an example of a positive gravitropism?

A

Roots of plants.

31
Q

What is an example of a negative gravitropism?

A

stems of plants.

32
Q

What are tropisms controlled by?

A

Auxin (a type of hormone).

33
Q

What is auxin?

A

A family of plant hormones.

34
Q

Where are auxin mostly made?

A

In the tips of the growing stems and roots, which are the meristems.

35
Q

What does auxin do?

A

They can diffuse to other parts of the stems or roots. Auxin change the rate of elongation in plant cells, controlling their length.

36
Q

What is an eye?

A

A sense organ which detects light and sends information about the patterns of light it receives to the brain, which builds a picture from that information.

37
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Tough white, outer layer which protects the retina.

38
Q

What is the retina?

A

Light-sensitive inner layer that has cells that detect light, some detecting coloured light.

39
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

The cells send nerve impulses from the eye to the brain. Located at the back of the eye.

40
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the retina so lacks receptor cells.

41
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Clear area of the sclera, it refracts light - bends it as it enters the eye.

42
Q

What is the iris?

A

The muscles which alter the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light entering the eye.

43
Q

What is the lens’s function?

A

The lens focuses light onto the retina.

44
Q

What is the choroid?

A

The pigmented middle layer with many blood vessels. It absorbs light to avoid reflection and nourishes the retina.

45
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The small hole at the centre of the iris through which light enters the eye.

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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