topic 6- (EQ2)what are the consequences for people and env of our increasing demand for energy

Question 1

What is the relationship between GDP and energy use per capita

Answer 1

as GDP increases so does energy use per capita

Question 2

whats primary energy

Answer 2

refers to natural energy resources that have not been converted into another form of energy. it includes non renewable sources such as fossil fuels-( coal, oil and gas), nuclear (uranium) and renewable ( hydro, solar, wind, biomass)

Question 3

whats secondary energy

Answer 3

refers to what the primary source has been converted to, usually electricity. can be heating

Question 4

why is the UK energy insecure

Answer 4

the UK now imports more energy than it produces, it has an energy deficit(energy demand is greater than supply)

Question 5

define enegry secuirty, enegry mix and enegry pathway

Answer 5

1. situatation where there is a secure and affroadable supply of enegry to meet the needs of consumers
2. the range of enegry sources used by a country- from renewables to non renewables
3. the route by which an enegry type is transferred from a production area to the consumption area.(pipeline)

Question 6

what are 6 reasons why energy mix varies

Answer 6

-physical availability-climate affects avalibality
-cost
-technology
-political considerations
-level of economic development
-environmental priorities- cultures view env differently eg russia sees natuer as a provider of resources

Question 7

talk about the physical availability of energy in the uk compared to norway.

Answer 7

uk- used to depend heavily on domestic coal and now found oil reserves
Norway- steep valleys, plentiful rainfall and mountainous = HEP readily available

Question 8

talk about the cost of energy resources in the uk and norway (extraction and hep)

Answer 8

uk- north sea oil is expensive to extract so if global prices fall, its less viable(not worht it, it’s less profitable)
Norway- the cost of HEP is low however the transfer of it to rural areas is expensive.

Question 9

talk about the technology in the UK and Norway and how it leads to an energy mix

Answer 9

uk- theres 150 years worth of reserves but its expenisve to extract- may get energy elsewhere
Norway- deepwater drilling allowed Norway and UK to extract North sea oil and gas

Question 10

talk about political considerations of the UK and Norway and how it leads to an energy mix.

Answer 10

1. Public concern over fracking sites
2. privatisation of enegry supplies means overseas companies decide whch enegry sources are used to meet the uks demand.
   Norway- Norweigian gov- foreign companies cant own primary source sites here.

Question 11

talk about level of economic development and why that makes a places energy mix vary.(prices)
Norway vs UK

kutnez curve

Answer 11

UK- average annual household energy costs=£1300
enegry use per capita= 2752 kg oil equivalent

Norway- average annual household energy costs=£2400
enegry use per capita= 5854 kg oil equivalent

a cold climate, expensive infrastructure, and policy choices around sust

Question 12

talk about environmental priorities and why that makes a places energy mix vary.

Answer 12

uk- in 2015, the UK committed to a 40% reduction in domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
norway- in 2015, Norway committed to a 40% reduction in domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
norway is the 3rd largest exporter of hydrocarbons

Question 13

what happens if a chokepoint is blocked

Answer 13

energy prices can rise quickly

Question 14

talk about an energy pathway disruption that occurred in the uk

Answer 14

during a stormy winter in 2013, UK gas reserves fell to 6 hours worth as storm damage paralysed a pipeline.

Question 15

despite the increasing concern about carbon emissions, what is still used

Answer 15

fossil fuels

Question 16

4 ways we can transport energy

Answer 16

-pipeline overland ( oil and gas)
-bulk carrier ships (coal and uranium)
- tankship (coal and LNG)
-underwater cables (electricity)

Question 17

what are the two types of obstacles to energy pathways

Answer 17

physical and human

Question 18

physical and human obstacles to energy pathways + egs

difficult terrain

Answer 18

• vast distances
  -natural hazrads -hurricane season gulf of mexico/earthquakes
  -difficult terrain eg tundra in alaska
  -seas/oceans
  -runs out of supply eg north sea

unstable locos-middle east and russia
* embargoes eg from Iran and Russia.
* chokepoints
* Political tensions and disagreements may block pathways (choke points) e.g. Russia/Ukraine.

Question 19

what are the 4 unconventional fossil fuels

Answer 19

deep water oil, tar sands, oil shale, shale gas (fracking)

Question 20

unconventional fossil fuels: deep water oil
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

Answer 20

• explanation-
  found in Gulf of Mexico, (largest and deepest oil fields is Atlantis)
  Oil and gas that is found well offshore/ oceanic depths.
  Drilling takes place from ocean rigs
  -positives-
  improve a countries energy security- gives domestic (in country) energy supply
  many barrels can be produced
  -negatives-
  drilling into deep water is not easy and there are hurricanes as well as long distances to shore
  -long pipelines needed

Question 21

unconventional fossil fuels: tar sands
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

Answer 21

l- explanation-
tar sands are a mixture of clay, sand, water and bitumen (very viscous oil). the oil is too thick to be pumped from the ground, instead it must be taken from an open pit, or strip- mined. To recover the oil, it must be separated from the sands using very hot water diluted with lighter hydrocarbons
-positives-
when oil prices are high, it becomes economical to extract the oil from the sands
its raised GDP per capita in some places
offers energy security
-negatives-
large amount of energy are needed
contributes to global warming 3 times higher than conventional oil
mining process leaves scars on the landscape
impact wildlife

Question 22

unconventional fossil fuels: oil shale
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

Answer 22

• explanation-
  contains solid bituminous material (kerogen) that forms when slit and organic matter were heated and pressurised under water , but not enough to turn it into oil. oil shale van be mined, but must be heated to a high temp to release the oil
  -positives-
  The royal Dutch shell has developed a plan to heat shale underground surrounded by a freeze wall so that the kerogen seeps out into drilled holes for collection
  provides a domestic/ reliable supply
  -negatives-
  expensive and releases greenhouse gasses
  disturbs land vegetation cover
  produces waste- water and air pollution

Question 23

unconventional fossil fuels: shale gas (fracking)
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

Answer 23

• explanation-
  Natural gas that is trapped in fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Extracted by fracking: pumping in water and chemicals forces out the gas..The method consists of rock must be broken to free the gas which is done by hydraulic fracturing (fracking); involves horizontal and vertical drilling
  -positives-
  increasing energy reserves for a country and reducing needs for imports
  its a flexible energy source
  -negatives-
  many drill sites are needed.
  lowered local groundwater levels
  chemical contamination
  adds to greenhouse effect
  subsidence
  shale gas= fossil fuel

Question 24

what an embargo

Answer 24

a complete ban on trade

Question 25

in the early 1970s, western countries experienced an energy crisis, why

Answer 25

OPEC placed an embargo on the sales of crude oil to the usa, Japan, uk and the Netherlands

Question 26

what have drastic increases in oil prices lead countries to do

Answer 26

countries have diversified their primary energy resources so have less of a dependence on a certain country

Question 27

what are 2 developments that are fundamentally changing the global energy system

Answer 27

1. the unconventional oil and gas revolution (shale gas) that has signalled a new era of fossil fuel abundance 2. COP26

Question 28

What led to the age of fossil fuel abundance fossilk lfuels main source of enegry

Answer 28

In the USA a technique has been perfected that uses horizontal drilling, fracking then takes a matter of hours

Question 29

2 problems associated with developing renewable energy

Answer 29

1. Raw materials hard to get win turbines need solar panles and speacila materials only found in certain countries-politcial and suplly issues 2. unreliable supply -wind and solar only works if sun and wind is prensent

Question 30

what is base load energy

Answer 30

a consistent, unbroken supply of energy

Question 31

what was Germanys response to the Fukishima disaster

Answer 31

- closed 8 nuclear reactors immediately

Question 32

challenges germany has faced since closing 8 nuclear stations

Answer 32

- a greater unexpected reliance on coal has raised geopolitical considerations.

Question 33

whats hinkley point C

Answer 33

the new nuclear PowerStation in the Uk, Somerset

Question 34

economic benefits of nuclear power in the UK

Answer 34

- a step towards energy security -nuclear is produced at home-lack of reliance in other countries

Question 35

safety concerns of nuclear

Answer 35

-fukushima -radiation leaks -dealing with waste (ongoing issue)

Question 36

nuclear recyclable- COSTS ENV SOC ECON

Answer 36

ENV -contaminate water with radiation -natural hazards cause concern SOC -nimby (not in my backyard), controversial due to health implications if power plant fails -natural hazards cause concern- fukushima ECON -expensive to build

Question 37

nuclear recyclable- BENEFITS ENV SOC ECON

Answer 37

ENV -less c02 emissions- less global warming SOC -create jobs ( Hinkley point provided 25,00 jobs) ECON -very efficient energy, jobs created

Question 38

solar, renewable- COSTS ENV SOC ECON

Answer 38

ENV -uses a large amount of land- could be used for farming -toxic chemicals and energy goes into making cells SOC -for individuals, its expensive ECON -no sun= no energy- unreliable -uses a large amount of land- could be used for farming

Question 39

solar, renewable-BENEFITS ENV SOC ECON

Answer 39

ENV less co2 emissions reduces pollution SOC chapel lane solar farm provides 60000 houses with electricity reduces pollution ECON can save money in the long term- individuals can sell surplus energy back to the grid for profit- can be used by poorer countries flexible and modular-csn be used on roof buildings can be used in poorer countries

Question 40

wind, renewable - COSTS ENV SOC ECON

Answer 40

ENV noisy- in paths of bird migrations SOC nimby- some people do not like the aesthetics-not natural noisy ECON initial expense to maintain

Question 41

wind, renewable - BENEFITS ENV SOC ECON

Answer 41

ENV less co2 emissions SOC no air pollution better health jobs provided ECON provides jobs- 2000 construction jobs provided by offshore wind turbine projects off the coast of Yorkshire- Hornsey project 1 long term= saves money

Question 42

whats biofuel

Answer 42

any fuel peoduced from orgamic matter- that is plant or algae material or animal waste

Question 43

SWOT ANALYSIS OF BIOFUEL strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

Answer 43

STRENGTHS -lower emissions than fossil fuels -renewable energy resource -does not need specialist machinery WEAKNESSES - clearing the forest to grow crops means loss of carbon sink -needs pesticides and fertilizers which uses fossil fuels in their production -takes land from food production OPPOURTUNITIES -positive multiplier effect in rural regions -infrastructure improvements provided by growers -fuel earns export income- provides rural inwards investment THREATS -contaminates water sources with pesticides or the overuse of fertilizers -takes investment away from food production - food shortages occur leading to higher food prices

Question 44

human factors affecting energy pathways

Answer 44

-political tensions and disagreements, pathways will be blocked at 'chokepoints' - armed conflicts -embargo and sanctions -technical problems such as pipeline leaks

Question 45

what are the 5 radical energy solutions

Answer 45

-hydrogen fuel cells -nanotechnology -nuclear fusion -electric vehicles -carbon capture storage

Question 46

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

Answer 46

+no direct emissions, water is the only waste product +good range of distance u can drive with one fuel +fuel cells are efficient -not many hydrogen refulling stations -expensive

Question 47

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : ELECTRIC VEHCILES

Answer 47

-lengthy recharging -few charging points in some areas -short range (distance it can travel) -expensive to buy +reduces air pollution in urban areas +lack of noise pollution +cheap to run +there over 60,00 charging points +best suited fro urban areas +zero carbon emissions

Question 48

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

Answer 48

- safety concerns-pumping large amounts of liquid co2 into rock- stability? -co2 leakages may occur +reduces emissions by 90% b pumpng co2 undeground and selling it to oil companies. +reliable

Question 49

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : NUCLEAR FUSION

Answer 49

+no long term radiation +no greenhouse gasses +german gov has alloctaed over 1.46 b for research +clean -long way from becoming a reality -expensive

Question 50

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : NANOTECHNOLOGY

Answer 50

+could replace fossil fuels (solar fuels could replace this -still in infancy(very new/still developing. + can use microorganisms or enzymes to harvest light energy

Question 51

what type of unconventional fossil fuel is banned in the EU

Answer 51

tar sands

Question 52

in 2015, how much of the UKs energy was from fossil fuels?

Answer 52

80%

Question 53

how did Germany respond the the Fukushima disaster

Answer 53

Germany immediately closed down 8 of its nuclear power reactors and pledged to close all 17 by 2022

Question 54

how did the UK diversify its energy in 2016

Answer 54

in 2016, the UK opened Hinkley point C which is a nuclear power station. -this provided 25,000 jobs

Question 55

the UK is energy insecure, what percentage of its energy is imported?

Answer 55

60% of its energy is imported

Question 56

state +/- about Brazils Biofuels

Answer 56

+Brazil is the world leader in producing bio-ethanol -downside= deforestation - farm workers have lost land that is now dedicated towards growing sugar cane +cars running on bioethanol emit 80% less CO2 than petrol driven cars

Question 57

what are the positives of tar sands

Answer 57

by 2030, it could meet 16% of North Americas oil needs

Question 58

what are the negatives of tar sands

Answer 58

- around 1.8 million tonnes of toxic wastewater are produced every day

Question 59

# what what is enegry security

Answer 59

a constant supply of energy at an affordable price

Question 60

what is a chokepoint

Answer 60

geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict.

Question 61

what are the 4 enegry players

Answer 61

1. OPEC 2. roles of tns 3. national gov 4. consumers

Question 62

what is the role and egs of thr role of tns

Answer 62

role: TNCs explore, expoilt and distribute energy resources, own supply lines, INVEST IN DISTRIBUTION AND PROCESSING RAW MATERIALS, electricity, production and transamission eg: old players- BP(UK), shell new players-Petrobras(Brazil)

Question 63

what is the role and eg of OPEC

Answer 63

role: coordinate and unify the petroluem policies. .steady income for producers .effiecent and regualr supply of petroleum to comsumers. egs: past, set oil productions quotas- boosting supplies when demand rose and reducing them when demand fell. now, maintaining output uat high levels kept oils prices low.

Question 64

what is a enegry pathway and egs

Answer 64

is the flow of energy between a producer (source areas) to consumer (areas of demand). Russian gas is delivered to Europe mainly through five pipelines:

Question 65

what is the role and eg of national governments -danish model

Answer 65

role: regulating role of private companies and setting environemntal priorities securing enegry supplies-present and future denmark has a diverse enegry mix wind turbines produce 40% of thier enegry in 2015 116% of its national electricty needed for turbines was abe to export enegry to neighouring countries eg norway. agreements made with norway eg HEp from norway passes experieneces to china to make them more sustainable. aims look at mindmap

Question 66

what is the role and factros affcetiong consumers attitudes of consumers

Answer 66

role: create demand, PURCHASING CHOISES BASED ON PIRCE ISSUE eg petrol competition with markets . consumers have power over oil companies eg purchasing electric cars, solar pannels . expansions of nuclear enegry, frackign

Question 67

# wh what is a enegry pathway

Answer 67

flow of energy between producer and consumer. how it reaches coonsumer eg pipelien.

Question 68

# what what can chokeholds negatively cause

Answer 68

political tensions and disagreements may lead to pathways being blocked (at chokepoints)

Question 69

what can cause disruptions in russia

Answer 69

ff are in ustable locations embargoes disruot production and supply.

Question 70

what is the % of totsl trade in oil from russia to europe

Answer 70

10.63%

Question 71

CASE STUDY- brazilian deep water oil production state, facts, postives and negatives

Answer 71

facts- develpoing a deep-water oilfield in 2006, reserves of 50-80barrels, production of 885,000 barrels a day. the oilfield is 300km offshore. postives * diveristy of the engry mix, provide enegry security. * droughts reduce, * income from exports negative * drilling condiitoons are difficult- flammable gases. * high costs * job loss

Question 72

CASE STUDY- tar sands in canada state, facts, postives/plans and negatives

Answer 72

facts- reserves of 166 b barrels of oil. production increased from 0.1m to 2.3m in 2014 postives- 151,000 jobs have been created- 2013 Environmental monitering: checks air, water and human health. negatives * pollution remains a concern * corcens of leakage in groundwaters and rivers * effects healht of local people.

Question 73

CASE STUDY biofuels in brazil state negative and positives

Answer 73

positives * today brazil is the biggest producer of ethonal from sugar cane * vechicles rely on ethonal and pertrol * 1.34 million direct jobs are provided * rduces ghgs by 90% negatives -increase pollution -deforetstaion occurs-more co2 added to the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. -competetion between other countries -clears away such as amazon rainofrets which could be used for food ---production- increases food market.

Question 74

numerically compare the difference between uk(1980-2012) and norway(1970-2010) energy mix

Answer 74

uk=- increase of gas by 20% norway= no gas in 1970 20% gas in 2010, decrease of nonrenewbles.

Question 75

why is opec so important

Answer 75

It has around 73% of the world’s oil reserves It has the power to significantly affect oil prices by increasing or decreasing production

Question 76

What 3 processes allowed fossil fuels to form?

Answer 76

Compression from the weight of the land, micro-organisms decomposing the contents, heat from underground turns the dead plants and animals into fuels.

Question 77

What is the difference between where coal, oil and gas were derived from?

Answer 77

Coal is from ancient plants whilst oil & natural gas is from marine creatures

Question 78

disruption to energy pathways can cause

Answer 78

Recession Job losses Energy shortages affecting lifestyles Armed conflicts

Question 79

what is a fragile environment

Answer 79

An environment extremely sensitive to environmental shifts and changes

Question 80

what is the main cause fo increased GHGs emissions

Answer 80

popoulation- higher demand from households and businesses, transport and deforestation.

Question 81

what does teh UN predict about the population

Answer 81

will reach 9n by 2030

Question 82

what is the world enegrys councils 3 objectives

Answer 82

1. enegry security:ensuring enegry supplies meet current future demands 2. enegry equity; assessibilty and afforable enegry for all countries 3. env sustainability;