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Geo physical > coasts > Flashcards

coasts Flashcards

1
Q

what does the littoral zone consist of?

A

backshore,foreshore, nearshore and offshore

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2
Q

describe a rocky coast and a coastal plain

A

result from resistamt geology
-high relief
-withstand erosive forces
-often in high enegry env

result from a supply of sediment
-different terrestrial and offshore sources
-low relief
-low enegry env
sandy and eastury coast

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3
Q

igneous and examples

A

created by volcanic activity when magma or lava cools, forming crystals that are normally hard- granite and basalt

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4
Q

sedimentary and examples

A

formed by small particles that ahve been eroded, transported and deposited in layers (sandstone) or from remains of plants and animals (limestone and chalk)

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5
Q

metamorphic and examples

A

form from other rocks changing by extreme heat and pressure usually form from layers/bands of crystals and very hard. Shale can be compressed into SLATE and limestone can be transformed into MARBLE

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6
Q

what coastline does sedimentary rock have?
and landforms

A

flat low lying relief, salt marshes and lagoons, low energy env

beaches spits slat marsh

low lying sandy beaches

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7
Q

what coastline does igneous rock have?
and landforms

A

rocky outcrops, resistant to ersion, high energy env
stack stump, wave cut platform

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8
Q

what is costal morphology

A

the shape and form of costal landscape and their feature.s

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9
Q

what is lithology

A

type of rock, sedimentary, metamprphic uncolidates, igenous…

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10
Q

what is geology

A

concordant dicordant coasts
joiting, dipping, faulting, folding ( e.g. these can form caves)

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11
Q

what is strata

A

layers of rock

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12
Q

what are bedding planes

A

(horizontal cracks) these are natural breaks in the strata,, caused by gaps during periods of rock formation

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13
Q

what are joints

A

(vertical cracks) these are features caused by either contraction as sediments dry out or by earth movements during uplift.

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14
Q

what are folds

A

formed by pressure during tectonic activity, which makes rocks buckle and crumple

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15
Q

what are faults

A

Faults are major fractures in rock created by tectonic forces

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16
Q

what’s a dip

A

this refers to the angle at which the strata lie (horizontally, vertically, dipping towards the sea or dipping inland)

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17
Q

what is the relief ( or height or slope of the land) affected by

A

geology and lithology

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18
Q

what are the 3 things that lithology includes

A
  • rock type metamorphic sedimentary igneous
  • how porous the rock is (permeability) linked to grain size and rock structure (crystal)
  • composition ( if acid acid rain affects it)
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19
Q

erosion rate of igneous rock?

A

1mm per year

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20
Q

erosion rate of sedimentary rock?

A

2.5cm per year

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21
Q

erosion rate of unconsolidated material?

A

1m per year

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22
Q

what’s a discordant coastline eg

A

where the geology alternates between more resistant bands of rock with less resistant bands, cut at right angles to the coast (perpendicular)

east facing dorset=isle of purbeck
headlands and bays

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23
Q

what’s a concordant coastline eg

A

where bands of more resistant and less resistant rock run parallel to the coast.

south facing dorset

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24
Q

a real life example of a concordant coast?
and explain formation process

litholgy, dip,small features, creates sea cave.

A

lulworth coast/crumple- is created by the collison of the african and eurasion plates. pressure and cooling may crack a rock to form joints and larger faults. joints are made as sedimentarty rock, formed from pressure or ignesous and metaphoric rock. sedi-bedding planes create points of weakness.

dip- if rock layer dips towards the sea- blocks of rock to slide under the influence of gravity(Mass M) if dip landwards- weathering and erosion may attachk bedding planes- creating irregular profile.

cliffs may create protruisions(sticking out) and indentations, blowholes, geos

weka point(joint), weathered or eroded creating a sea cave.

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25
Q

describe Dalmation coastlines

A

-concordant coastline
submerged landform
-valleys and ridges run parallel to each other
-past valleys have flooded and ridges are left over
produce long islands and inlets.

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26
Q

describe haff coastlines

A
  • concordant

- long spits and lagoons aligned parallel to the coast

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27
Q

what are the two types of vegetation that protect the coast

A

salt marshes and sand dunes

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28
Q

what are salt marshes
+ detailed explaination

A

areas of flat, silty sediments that accumulate around estuaries or lagoons

  1. tidal conditions bring seawater and sediment in and out,
  2. rivers bring fine mud deposit at side of estruy
    flocculation occurs- colonised by algae
    3.pioneer plants survive with brackish water
    more sediment is trapped builfing uo salt marsh
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29
Q

where do salt marshes develop

A
  • in sheltered areas where deposition occurs
  • low enegry env

- where there are no strong tides or currents

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30
Q

what are pioneer plants referred to as

A

the first colonizing plants

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31
Q

what do pioneer species do

A

modify the environment by binding sand or soil with their roots and adding nutrients when they die or decay

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32
Q

what helps retain moisture for sand dunes, mud dunes and salt marshes.

A

creeping plants or those with leaf cover

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33
Q

what helps slow down tidal flow and trap more mud and salt

A

halophytes (salt tolerant species)

-eg cordgrass

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34
Q

what are the first dunes to form called?

A

embryo dunes

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35
Q

how does vegetation help protect the coast

A

it modifies the environment by binding the sand and soil with its roots. More vegetation means less erosion as sand and soil becomes more stabilized and less vulnerable

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36
Q

constructive waves lead to ______

A

deposition

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37
Q

destructive wavs lead to ______

A

erosion

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38
Q

what is the crest

A

the peak of the wave

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39
Q

what’s the wave trough

A

the lowest point of the wave

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40
Q

what’s the wave height

A

the distance between the crest and wave trough

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41
Q

what’s the fetch

A

the distance of water that a wave can build up

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42
Q

state the wave form, wave break and frequency of constructive waves

A

low surging wavs with a long wavelength.
string swash, weak back swash
beach gain with 6-9 per min

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43
Q

state the wave form, wave break and frequency of destructive waves

A

high plunging waves short wavelength
weak swash strong back swash
beach loss
11-14 per min

44
Q

what dos summer do to a beach profile?

A

steeper profile due to common constructive waves-
lowland coast, coastla plain.

constructive waves have a lower frequency than destructive waves so waves energy dissipates and deposits over a wide are

45
Q

what does the winter do to a beach profile

A

destructive waves are frequent so berms~ are eroded
shallower profile as berms eroded
strong back swash transports sediment offshore creating offshore bars

46
Q

what two moons have tides at max height and highest tidal range

A 
spring tide (full moon)
spring tide (new moon)
47
Q

what two moons has the smallest tidal range and lowest tides

A 
neap tide (first quarter moon)
neap tide (last quarter moon)
48
Q

what is abrasion

A
  • also known as corrasion
  • waves pick up sand and pebbles and when waves break, transported material is hurled at the cliff, chipping away the rock
  • rocks/sediment=thrown
49
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

when a wave advances, air can be trapped/compressed into the joints. when the wave retreats, trapped air expands.

  • this continuous process weakens joints and cracks causing rock to break off
  • can erode by hammer like pumping effects
50
Q

what is solution/corrosion

A

when cliffs are formed from alkaline rocks (chalk or limestone eg) or an alkaline cements bonds the rock particles together, solution by weak acids in seawater can dissolve them

waver water may react with rock and dissolve them in sea water

51
Q

what’s attrition

A

the gradual wearing away of rock particles by impact and abrasion, as the pieces of rocks are moved by waves, tides and currents.
this gradually reduces particles size making stones rounder and smaller.

52
Q

name some erosional landforms

A

headlands and bays, stacks, stumps, shoreline platforms/wave cut platforms and wave cut notches

53
Q

how is a wave cut platform/shoreline platform created

A
  • destructive waves bash into the base of the cliff
  • eroded by ha, abrasion, corrosion
  • continues making wave cut notch bigger and bigger then collapses
  • cliff retreats leaving a wave cut platform/shoreline platform
54
Q

how is a stump formed (7 steps)

A

1- large crack opened by ha
2-the crack grows into a cave by ha and abrasion
3-the cave becomes larger
4-the cave breaks through the headland forming an arch
5-the arch is eroded and collapses
6-this leaves a tall rock stack
7-the stack is eroded forming a stump (may only be seen during low tide)

55
Q

what is traction

A

relatively large/heavy rocks are rolled along the seabed

56
Q

what is saltation

A

smaller, lighter rocks bounce across the seabed

57
Q

suspension?

A

lighter sediment is carried in water

58
Q

solution?

A

dissolved sediment is carried in solution

59
Q

4 ways of marine transport

A

traction, saltation ,suspension, solution

60
Q

what does longshore drift do?

A

builds up a beach

61
Q

a spit is a ______ ______

A

depositional landform

62
Q

what is a spit?

A

a long narrow feature made from sand or shingle which extends from the land into the sea. form drift aligned beaches

63
Q

how is a spit formed?

A
  1. sand or shingle is moved along the coast by longshore drift,
  2. sediment will begin to move across the estuary mouth,
  3. the outwards flow of the river associated with the estuary will stop the spit from forming all the way.
  4. a secondary wind/wave refraction would carry the sediment around to a more sheltered area forming a recurved spit.
  5. a salt marsh may develop behind a spit as sediment settles
64
Q

what type of coastline does a spit form on

A

discordant

65
Q

what are the two beach types

A

swash aligned and drift aligned

66
Q

describe a swash aligned beach

A
  • sediment moves up and down with little lateral transfer.
  • forms in low energy environments
  • waves parallel to shore
67
Q

describe a drift aligned beach

A
  • sediment is transferred along the coast by longshore drift.
  • form when waves approach the coast at an angle
  • sediment may be graded along the spit*
68
Q

describe an offshore bar/how its formed

A
  • also known as sandbars
  • submerged or partly exposed ridges of sand
  • created by waves offshore from the coast
  • destructive waves erode sand from the beach with their strong backswash and deposit it offshore
  • act as sediment sinks
  • can absorb wave energy thus reducing wave impact

a long ridge of sand in shallow water where destructive waves break before reaching the beach.
these waves scour the seabed and throw material forwards into a heap

69
Q

when are barrier beaches/bars formed

A
  • where a beach/spit extends across two headlands.
    behind them, lagoons can form
    -formed by longshore drift and deposition
70
Q

what’s a barrier island

A

when a beach becomes separated from the mainland

long, narrow, offshore deposits of sand or sediments that parallel the coast line.

71
Q

what’s a tombolow

A

a beach or ridge of sand that has been formed between a small island and the mainland.
deposition occur where waves lose energy
tomblows may be covered at high tide
-formed by longshore drift and deposition

72
Q

how many sediment cells are there

A

11

73
Q

what is a sediment cell

A

has sources, transfers and sinks which are important in understanding the coast as a system. each cell can be regarded as a closed system

74
Q

what does positive feedback do

A

amplifies a change in a system so equilbrium is reached

75
Q

what does negative feedback do

A

reduces a chaneg in a sytem so equilbrium is reached

76
Q

example of positive feedback

A

damaged sand dunes (no grass preventing erosion) so increased source of material

77
Q

eg of neg feedback

A

rock fall occurs, protection of cliffs so less erosion so decrease in source of material

78
Q

3 types of weathering

A

biological
physical/mechanical
chemical

79
Q

what does subaerial processes refer to

A

weathering and mass movement

80
Q

examples of bio weathering

A

animals burrowing, roots growing in cracks- cracks then widen

81
Q

examples of chemical weathering

A

carbonation/acid rain

82
Q

what are rockfalls

A

most likely to occur when strong, jointed steep faces are exposed to mechanical weathering . the material once broken either bounces or falls vertically down to form scree(Talus)

83
Q

what landforms do rockfalls/blockfalls create

A

Talus scree slope (material at the base of the cliff that has fallen off.

84
Q

what are blockfalls

A

large blocks of rocks falls away from the cliff as a single piece, due to the jointing of the rock

85
Q

what is soil creep

A

slowest form of mass movement- almost a continuous process. very small downhill movement of individual particles.

86
Q

what are mudflows

A

an increase in the amount of water can reduce friction- causing earth and mud to flow over underlying bedrock

87
Q

whats the difference between a slide and flow

A

slide- material remains intact

flow-material becomes jumbled up

88
Q

whats rotational slumping

A

occur in saturated conditions (rotational movement in slumping compared to sliding)
occur on moderate steep slopes
common on softer materials
causes rotational scarps
repeated slumping causes terraced cliff profile

where a section of the cliff remains intact as it moves down a cliff along a curved slip plane.

89
Q

what are the landforms created by rotational slumping

A

rotational scars and scarps terraced cliff profile

90
Q

what are landslides

A

rocks that are jointed, or have bedding planes roughly parallel to the slope or cliff surface are susceptible to landslides.
AN INCREASE IN WTAER CAN REDUCE FRICTION-CAUSING SLIDING
SLABS OF ROCK/BLOCKS CAN SLIDE OVER UNDERLYING ROCK ALONG A SLIDE OR SLIP PLANE

A landslide is a downwards movement of material, such as rock, earth or debris, down a slope maintaining contact with the cliff surface throughout.

91
Q

name 2 geological structures

A

discordant coast and concordant coast

92
Q

whats a cuspate foreland

whats a cuspate headland

A

a low lying triangular headland that develops when lsd from two opposite directions forms two spits across a bay

93
Q

flocculation

A

a depositional process of tiny clay particles sticking to one another, hence gain enough mass to sink to the river or sea bed.

94
Q

what is Sediment transportation is influenced by

A

lsd
tides and cuurent
angles of wave attatck

95
Q

how does vegetation stabilise the coastline

sand dunes and salt marshes

A

.plant roots bind sediment together so they are less likely to eroded- form yellow dunes(highest point of marram grass)
.plant leaves reduce wind speeds-reducing erosion and deposition
.plants lose leaves become organic material forming soil(salt marsh)

96
Q

how are sand dunes formed (first stage)

A

-when there is plentiful supply of sand
-onshore winds blow sand towrads the land
-obstacles such as vegetation to trap sand
-embryo dunes form- collectiong sand and become bigger
-pioneer plants such as sea rocket are able to colonise the stable dunes and help hold/trap more sand

97
Q

how are sand dunes formed (2nd stage)

A

-oldest dune closest to land and newest dune closets to the sea
yellow dunes= highest point of marram grass
as these die they produce humus- adding soil fro grey dunes.
these r not fully vegetated and are subject to alteration to wind and waves(blowouts froming gaps in lines of dunes
at high tide/storm conditions seawater may reach dips in psammosere

98
Q

what is a blowout

A

a sandy depression in a sand dune env caused by the removal of sediments by wind

99
Q

what are the types of marine process

A

erosion
depoistion
transportation

abrasion
HA
attriton
soultion

waves
constructive
destructive

100
Q

what are the type of physical processes

A

erosion, mass movement and weathering

101
Q

what

what are long term features effecting landscapes

A

geology and sea level

102
Q

what are short term features effecting landscapes

A

inputs from rivers
waves (type)
tides

103
Q

what is dune succession

A

Nature’s process of building a sand dune

104
Q

ow

how does salt marshes help stabalise the coast

A

rivers bring fine mud deposit at side of estruy where flocculation occurs. colonised by algae
pioneer plants survive with brackish water

sediment becomes trapped in roots woth builds us salt marshes height and helps trapping silt during floods-adds new soil from thier decaying vege

105
Q

what are some depositional processes

A
  1. flocculation
  2. lsd
  3. constructive waves
    4.

Geo physical (9 decks)

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