Topic 6: Environmental Changes Flashcards
define stimulus
- a detectable change in the environment
- which can be detected by receptors
- Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to stimmuli via different response mechanisms.
give examples of simple responses to stimuli
- taxes
- kineses
What are taxis?
give examples
- a directional response to a stimulus
- the whole organism moves directly away from or toward the stimulus
- move towards: positive taxis
- moves away: negative taxis
worms: show negative phototaxis to prevent dehydration and predators.
bacteria: show positive chemotaxis
what are kineses?
example
- non directional response to a stimulus
- when an organism** changes the speed of movement** and the rate it changes direction
- the rate of movement is impacted by the intensity of the stimulus
- ## If an organism moves from an area where there are benefical stimuli to an area with harmful sitmuli , its kinesis response will be to increase the rate it changes direction** to return to the favourable** conditions quickly.
woodlice respond to water and must be in damp areas to prevent water loss so in a dry area they would turn rapidly to increase the probabilit that it will end up back in the damp area
Investigating taxes and kineses
- Choice chambers and mazes are common pieces of apparatus that are used
define tropism
- term given to when plants respond, via growth, to stimuli.
- it can be positive or negative. Responding to light, gravity and wate.
- Phototropism - growth response to light
- Gravitropism - growth response to gravity
Give one similarity and one difference between a taxis and a tropism.
(2)
-
Similarity − directional response (to a stimulus) / movement towards / away from a stimulus;
2.** Difference** − taxis (whole) organism moves and tropism a growth (response).
- Taxis occurs in animals / motile organisms and tropism occurs in plants
What is the role of growth factors in plants?
- e.g. indoleacetic acid (IAA)
- Growth factors in plants control and regulate growth responses to environmental stimuli.
- in roots high conc of IAA inhibits cell elongation
- in shoots, high conc of IAA stimulates cell elongation
Describe Indoleacetic acid’s role as a growth factor.
- IAA is synthesised at the tips of roots and shoots i.e. in the meristems and it affects the elongation of cells in a plant.
- it binds to the protein receptors on the cell membranes
- lowers the pH causing cell wall to loosen and and allows the cells to be more easily stretched when the turgor of cell increases.
Describe how IAA causes elongation of cells
- bind to a receptor protein on the cell surface membrane
- stimulates ATPase to pump hydrogen ions from the cytoplasm into the cell wall
- acidifies the cell wall (lowers the pH of the cell wall)
- This activates expansins, which loosen the bonds between cellulose microfibrils
- At the same time, potassium ion channels are stimulated to open
- This leads to an increase in K+ concentration in the cytoplasm, decreasing the water potential
- This causes the cell to absorb water by osmosis (water enters the cell through aquaporins) which is then stored in the vacuole
- This increases the internal pressure of the cell, causing the cell wall to stretch (made possible by expansin proteins)
- The cell elongates
Describe phototropism in a plant
in shoots and in roots
- cells in the tip of shoot to produce IAA.
- IAA diffuses down shoot/root (evenly intially)
- IAA moves to the shaded side of shoot/root
- In shoots this stimulates cell elongation whereas in roots this inhibits cell elongation/
- so shoots bend towards light whereas roots bend towards light
root atipical meristem and shoot
Explain gravitropism in flowering plants (4)
- Cells in tip of shoot/ root produce IAA.
- IAA diffuses down shoot/root evenly initally
- IAA moves to lower side of shoot/root (so conc increases)
- In shoots , this stimulates cell elongation whereas in roots this inhibits cell elongation.
- So shoots bend away from gravity whereas roots bend towards gravity
Use your knowledge of indoleacetic acid (IAA) to explain the growth curvature shown in Figure 1. (3)
- Tip produces IAA;
-
IAA diffuses (into shoot);
Accept auxin for IAA.
Accept IAA diffuses down. - (More) elongation of cells on one side (than other);
Accept (more) elongation of cells on left side.
Reject any reference to shaded/dark side or away
from light
Using the procedure in Figure 2 and the calibration curve in Figure 3, describe how you could compare the IAA concentration in shoot tips from
two different plant species.
In your answer you should refer to all the variables that should be controlled to produce a valid comparison (5)
- Size of shoot/tip;
- Number of shoot tips;
- Size/type of agar (block);**
Accept ‘amount of agar’. - (Shoots) at same stage of growth/development;
Accept (Shoots/plants) are same age. - Time (period) tips kept on agar
OR
Time (period shoots) kept in dark; - Temperature;
- (Repeat several times and) calculate a mean;
- Compare/read degree of curvature (on calibration curve) to determine (IAA) concentration
OR
Higher the degree of curvature the higher the IAA concentration;
5 max
Mark points 1 to 6 = max 3.
Ignore pH, species, carbon dioxide, humidity,
nutrients, water and light.
Explain the protective effecct of a simple reflex (3)
- rapid as only 3 neurones and few synapses
- Autonomic (doesn’t involve conscious regions of brain) so doesn’t have to be learnt.
- protects from harmful stimuli e.g. escape prefators/prevents damage to body tissues
Suggest 2 advantages of simple reflexes (2)
- Rapid;
- Protect against damage to body tissues;
- Do not have to be learnt;
- Help escape from predators;
- Enable homeostatic control.
max 2 points
what are three main types of neurones and their roles
-
Sensory neurones carry impulses from receptors to the Central Nervous System (CNS - the brain or spinal cord)
2. Relay (intermediate) neurones are found entirely within the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones - Motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
What is a reflex arc?
- A reflex arc is a pathway along which impulses are transmitted from a receptor to an effector without involving ‘conscious’ regions of the brain
Describe a reflex response
example of a pin
- A pin (the stimulus) is detected by a pain receptor in the skin.
- The sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord (the coordinator)
- Electrical impulses are passed on to relay neurone in the spinal cord
- The relay neurone connects to the motor neurone and passes the impulses on
- The motor neurone carries the impulses to the muscle in the leg (the effector)
- The impulses cause the muscle to contract and pull the leg up and away from the sharp object (the response)
describe the structure of the pacinian corpuscle
draw it
include:
- lamellae
- stretch mediated NA+ ion channel (closed)
- Gel
- Sensory neurone axon
- myelin sheath
- sensory neuron ending.