topic 6: effects of global digital comms on social inequality Flashcards

1
Q

LSE

A

children from better off backgrounds ๐Ÿค‘ have GREATER ACCESS TO WWW and are more likely to EXPLOIT ITS RESOURCES

working class lack digital cultural capital that internet-literate middle class do: this gets passed down generations, widening the DIGITAL DIVIDE

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2
Q

CASTELLS 2000

A

if not included in global networked society, youโ€™re EXCLUDED AND MARGINALISED: lack of access to jobs, friends, info (info more important now)

BUT working class can use digital media to help reduce social inequality (proletariat in North African countries used social media to organise revolution + overthrow governments ๐Ÿ’ช

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3
Q

Sutton Trust 2020 (global digital comms)

A

digital divide in education ๐Ÿ“š increased by lockdown๐Ÿ˜ท
- 69% of private school teachers felt prepared to do video lessons compared to 40% state school teachers

  • schools w highest proportions of students eligible for free school meals: 34% said they could broadcast a lesson for their class to access, 53% said they could accept work remotely from class
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4
Q

Boyle (negative impacts of digital revolution)

A

DIGITAL DIVIDE โž—: new form of stratification
โ€”> 40% of homes in 2015 didnโ€™t have digital TV ๐Ÿ“บ
โ€”> 40% didnโ€™t have reliable internet access

we must be digital CITIZENS (take control of digital media), not digital CONSUMERS ๐Ÿ› (being fed what commercial forces profit from)

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5
Q

Kleeman

A

gender inequality via WIKIPEDIA ๐Ÿ“

โ€” 13% of contributors are women
โ€” female porn star list edited >2,500 times but female poets list edited <100 times
โ€” womensโ€™ status as mother/wife/daughter often prioritised

CIRCULAR MARGINALISATION: โญ•๏ธ
Given woman seen as unimportant.
Doesnโ€™t get detailed wiki page.
People see undetailed wiki page and think sheโ€™s unimportant.

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6
Q

Atkinson

A

โ€” online beauty industry harms young women ๐Ÿ’‹๐Ÿ˜” (Snapchat filters, โ€œFix Meโ€ Instagram filter)

โ€” internalising cultural appearance ideals + appearance comparison ๐Ÿ“Š results in body dysmorphia for young women

โ€” plastic surgeons have seen ๐Ÿ“ˆ in patients asking to โ€œlook like their online faceโ€

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7
Q

Saarkeesian

A

Tropes vs Women in Video Games blog series

gaming = male-dominated, objectifying/sexualising/trivialising women e.g. Grand Theft Auto

๐ŸŽฎ

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8
Q

Walter

A

LIVING DOLLS: negative impact of media on women.

New sexism: women judged on physical appearance more.
โ€”> HYPERSEXUAL CULTURE, OBJECTIFICATION of women

Internet + media allow:
-pornography, sexualised images of women (UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS)
-emphasis on clothes, plastic surgery (EATING DISORDERS)

Increasing pressure to look GOOD for MEN.

increased by digital tech:
most searched term = porn
ratemygirlfriend.com
Call of Duty, Grand Theft Auto

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9
Q

Cieslik + Pollock

A

secretive ๐Ÿคซ online ๐Ÿ’ป female subculture:
Pro-Ana websites
Sufferers of anorexia shared tips on and encouraged each other to lose weight: DAMAGING

Contemporary, postmodern society: future path is overwhelming, unpredictable and uncontrollable (more so than the past). ๐Ÿ˜ฐ
โ€”> young women respond to risk society with eating disorders? obsessed with controlling their bodies in response to lack of control over their future?

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10
Q

Haraway

A
  • new tech ๐Ÿ“ฑ should be EMBRACED by women: solution to misogyny?
    โ€”> future tech e.g. cyborgs break down gender dualities
  • women were previously left behind in AGRICULTURAL ๐Ÿฅ• and INDUSTRIAL ๐Ÿญ revolutions due to structural constraints
  • if women donโ€™t step out + assert themselves into digital revolution they risk being sidelined
    โ€”> Apple ๐ŸŽ health app โ™ฅ๏ธ doesnโ€™t include menstrual cycle
    โ€”> female astronaut couldnโ€™t do spacewalk bc spacesuit was designed for man so she couldnt see out
    (MALE STREAM THINKING PERVADES TECH)

Already happened: the pill, fertility treatments

muted voices are amplified

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11
Q

Haenfler

A

Online ๐Ÿ’ป subcultures
virtual world gives new types of masculinity, e.g. NERD ๐Ÿ‘พ MASCULINITY
โ€” multiplayer online role-playing games give ALTERNATIVE PATH TO MASCULINITY that differs from hegemonic (reward through competitive and persistent effort, status)

allows men to achieve masculinity without doing crime ๐Ÿ˜Œ

POSTMODERNISM. Fluid, unstable and fragmented
#notallmen

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12
Q

Berry ๐Ÿ“๐Ÿซ

A

DIGITAL DIVIDE in age.
โ€” only 8% over 55 have profile page ๐Ÿ“ฑ๐Ÿ™‹
โ€” only 1/4 of over 60s had bought something online ๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ’ณ

FOUR factors impacting internet usage: CUSP
- COST ๐Ÿ’ธ
- UNINTERESTED ๐Ÿ˜
- SKILL LACK ๐Ÿคทโ“
- PHYSICAL DISABILITY ๐Ÿคš๐Ÿ˜–

OLDER PPL MARGINALISED BC OF DIGITAL DIVIDE?

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13
Q

Barbosa Neves

A

older people feel angry ๐Ÿ˜ก afraid ๐Ÿ˜ง exhausted ๐Ÿ˜ด and excluded โœ‹ from digital world

high levels of frustration at lack of digital linguistic knowledge (โ€˜swipeโ€™, โ€˜zoomโ€™) in care home ๐Ÿ 

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14
Q

Office of National Stats on digital age divide: LABOUR FORCE SURVEY (LFS)

A

number of older people going online increased from 29% to 54% 2013โ€“2020

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15
Q

Smith et al (age divide)

A

younger people experience more CYBERBULLYING.
Peer groups HIGHLY influential, both +tive and -tive

20% teens experienced CYBUL.
1/3 victims kept CYBUL. secret.
Girls more than boys.

Sample: questionnaire 100 teens in 14 schools, yr 7-10.

Megan Meier, Ryan Halligan, Rebbeca Sedwick all committed suicide bc of cyberbullying

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16
Q

McGonigal (age divide)

A

younger people benefit: media enhances identity as it TEACHES YOUTH SKILLS ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ
โ€” average 21 yr old man has 10,000 hours of gaming ๐Ÿ‘พ
โ€” helps deal with boredom, anger ๐Ÿ˜‘๐Ÿ˜ก
teaches creativity ๐ŸŽจ
problem solving ๐Ÿค”
teamwork
dealing with failure
optimism
consumed less snacks

17
Q

Youthnet

A

online relationships very positive for digital natives
internet EMPOWERS ๐Ÿ’ช youth and allows them to b creative ๐ŸŽจ

45% of sample said they felt happiest online
75% couldnโ€™t live without internet

18
Q

Turkle (impacts all ages negatively)

A

ALONE TOGETHER

Digital world + addiction to social media isolates us โ€”> less satisfying communication โ€”> breakdown of face-to-face relationships.

Parents = bad role models, using phones too much in front of children. Setting disconnectedness as the NORM! (post-familial family)

Goldilocks Effect: physically together, mentally alone. Relationships are in the inbetween.

19
Q

Royal Society for Public Health (age divide)

A

impacts young people negatively

1,500 14-25 yr olds surveyed

Instagram has negative effect on mental health
users suffer from
loneliness,
depression,
bullying,
body image problems,
addicted to social media,
neglecting irl friendships,
insecurities from comparing

edited posts should be marked as edited/enhanced

20
Q

OFCOM Survey 2015

A

ethnic minorities more likely to have HIGHER levels of internet access, smart phone usage, and wide internet usage than white population

21
Q

stats about global internet usage

A

60% of African population have mobile phones ๐Ÿ“ฑ
25% of African population use internet daily

Columbia: home internet connection costs 20% of minimum wage

22
Q

Dal Yong Jin

A

๐ŸŒ ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ๐Ÿ’ฐ ๐Ÿ’ป

โ€” platform imperialism: dominance of capitalist, American platforms in digital world
โ€”> 98% of internet platforms are for-profit organisations
โ€”> 78% USA based
so digital global world is becoming a HEGEMONIC FORCE

โ€” media convergence: media companies in the hands of a few e.g. Rupert Murdoch (owns 1/5 of UK news consumption)
โ€”> lack of democracy

23
Q

Curran and Seaton abt global digital revolution

A

digital revolution is NOT global!!! ๐ŸŒ โŒ

in 2000: London had more websites than the whole of Africa

advantages are limited to privileged groups e.g. Europe, North America ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ

50% English digital comms, 20% speak english