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Physics > Topic 6 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Rutherfords experiment?

A

He sent a positively charged radioactive wave through golden foil
Most of the atom was empty space but there was a dense amount of positively charged particles
most of the rays moved straight through the empty space but some refracted as they were attracted to the positively charged particles and very few were reflected back to where they came from because they were repelled

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2
Q

Radius of nucleus

A

1 * 10 to the power of - 15

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3
Q

Radius of atom

A

1 * 10 to the power of - 10

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4
Q

Atom size in relation to nucleus

A

The atom is about 100,000 times bigger than the nucleus inside it

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5
Q

What does the plum pudding show

A

Atoms have no charge as they cancel each other out

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6
Q

location of:
proton
neutron
electron

A

nucleus
nucleus
around nucleus

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7
Q

relative charge of:
proton
neutron
electron

A

+1
0
-1

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8
Q

relative mass of:
proton
neutron
electron

A

1
1
1/2000

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

The atomic number is the number of protons in atom it will always be the smallest number

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10
Q

Mass number

A

The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons this will always be the biggest number

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Are 2 or more atoms that have the same atomic number but can have different neutrons so we’ll have a different mass number

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12
Q

when drawing shells:

A

atomic number

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13
Q

GM tube

A

gm tube passes through a tube filled with gas
the radiation ionises the gas and allows a current to flow through it for a short time
we hear this as clicks

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14
Q

photographic film

A

darker where radiation has come to contact with it
will only change colour once its been developed like an old photograph

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15
Q

Nuclear energy
Pros and cons

A

+ accidents have been avoided
+produces less Co2 than
- can be accidents
- long half lives
- nuclear waste
- non renewable

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16
Q

staff reduce risk by

A
  • wearing a dosimeter badge
  • thongs
  • gloves
  • goggles
  • screening
  • operating machine for other room
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17
Q

patients might be exposed to radiation

A

when being tested for/ treated for cancer
x-rays

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18
Q

fission

A
  • splitting of nucli
  • require normal temps and pressures
  • uranium 235
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19
Q

fission and fusion both

A

release energy/ neutrons

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20
Q

fusion

A
  • fusion of nucli
  • h2 isitopes
  • high temps + pressures needed
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21
Q

Smoke alarms

A
  • detector has electrical circuit
  • with a gap between electrically charged plates
  • alpha particles ionise air
  • allowing current to flow across gap and complete curcuit
22
Q

Sterilising equipment

A
  • all equipment needs to be sterilized from micro-organisms
  • usually can be heated
  • pipette (platic) cant be heated
  • put into bag and irraded
23
Q

leaks

A
  • gamma source
  • added to water to detect leaks
  • in pipes buiried underground
  • a gm tube following the path of the pipe will detect high levels of radiation when theres a leak
24
Q

irritation

A

when someones exposed to radioactive substance
stops when person seps away

25
Q

contamination

A

when radioactive substance touches skin/ enters body
stops when removed or fully decays

26
Q

nuclear fusion
-pros
-cons

A

+ produces no co2
+ effective
+ safer than most types of powerplants
- high temps + pressures sustained
- costs more to build them than made from them
- nuclear waste is toxic

27
Q

fuel rods

A

absorb other fuel rods causing another reaction
move through the modorator

28
Q

control rods

A

can be lowered or pulled up to control rate of reaction
when lowered absorbs more neutrons

29
Q

modorator

A

slows down neutrons

30
Q

checking thickness in paper

A

a radiactive source is placed on one side of the paper and a gm tube on teh other. If the count rate is too high/ low a message ill be sent to the roller to change the pressure.

31
Q

Killing microorganisms in food

A
  • to make it safe to eat
  • doesn’t spoil for longer
  • gamma rays
32
Q

ionisation

A

when an atom has so much energy that one/ more electrons escape the atom

33
Q

ionising radiation

A

when electron escapes atom due to radiation

34
Q

uranium 235

A

a neutron hits an element of uranium making the nucli split into two smaller daughter nuceli which releases energy and 3 neutrons. each neutron goes through the same process

35
Q

daughter nucli

A

when an unstable nucli is split into two smaller nucli

36
Q

Describe how the teacher could show how far beta particles travel in air.

A

measure background radiation
start with radioactive substance close to teh tube
move away measure distance, check count rate each distance
until it gets to the background level

37
Q

The student says that the experiment must have been done carelessly because the data
seemed quite scattered
away from the best fit line.
The teacher claims such results should be expected in radioactivity experiments.
Justify the teacher’s claim.

A

radioactive decay is random and unpredictable, so rate wont be constant/ variation with readings

38
Q

Radio waves and gamma radiation are at opposite ends of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Compare how these two electromagnetic radiations are produced.

A

RW often made intentinallly
GR ofetn made randomly
RW procuded by free ocillating electrons/ alternating current produced in ariels
GR may be result of radioactive decay produced in the nucleus
may be produced as a result of PET scans or nuclear fission/ fusion

39
Q

alpha

A

-a particle not a wave
- helium ncleus
- positve charge
- when absorbed by nucles teh atomic number goes down by 2 , mass number goes down by 4
- made up of 4 particles
blocked by a few cm of air or a sheet of paper

40
Q

beta

A
  • particle not a wave
  • made up of one particle
  • negative charge
  • electron/ positron
  • when emmited mass number increases by 1
  • mass number doesn’t change
  • blocked by few sm of aluminium
41
Q

danger of radioation

A
  • mutations of DNA
  • cancer
  • burn skin/ tisuues
  • ionising
42
Q

alpha

A

helium nucleus is emitted
4
2

43
Q

beta minus decay

A

a neutron becomes a proton plus an electron

44
Q

beta plus decay

A

a proton becomes a nuetron plus positron

45
Q

nucleus change

A

bottom = atomic
top = mass

46
Q

gamma decay

A

both mass and atomic number is unchnaged

47
Q

when a substance undergoes radioactive decay

A

its stable

48
Q

half life

A

time takes for half to decay

49
Q

why are high pressured and temperatures needed

A

to overcome teh repulsion between the positive nucli
not often enough to be useful

50
Q

gamma rays blocke dby

A

cm of lead, concrete

51
Q

) State the SI unit for the activity of a radioactive source.

A

Bq

Physics (13 decks)

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