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BIO100 > Topic 5d - Animal & Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Topic 5d - Animal & Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules needed for growth & reproduction include…?

A 
energy (carbs & lipids)
water
some AAs
some FAs
vitamins & minerals
(all are essential except carbs & lipids)
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2
Q

What provides energy from energy molecules?

A

chemical bonds

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3
Q

How is a calorie quantified?

A

the heat to raise 1kg of water by 1 degree

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4
Q

1 kilojoule = … calorie

A

0.239 Cal

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5
Q

How many essential AAs do humans require?

A

9 (10 in infants)

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6
Q

Essential fatty acids are required for synthesis of …?

A

hormones

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7
Q

2 essential FAs in humans…?

A

linoleic & linolenic

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8
Q

What roles do minerals play in the body…?

A 
structural (Ca, Mg, P)
muscle/nerve function (Na, Ca, K)
blood function (Fe, Cu)
enzyme function (Zn, Mg)
digestion (Cl)
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9
Q

A bit about water-soluble vitamins…? eg?

A

most function as co-enzymes
NOT STORED in the body
vit B & vit C

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10
Q

A bit about fat-soluble vitamins…? eg?

A 
variety of roles
vit K - blood clotting
vit A - visual pigments
vit D - bone formation
vit E - antioxidant
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11
Q

Protein nutrient deficiencies…? eg?

A

kwashiorkor

marasmus

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12
Q

Mineral deficiencies…? eg. calcium causes …?

A

rickets

osteoporosis

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13
Q

Iodine deficiency causes …?

A

goitre

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14
Q

Iron deficiency causes…?

A

anaemia

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15
Q

Vitamin A deficiency = ?

A

night blindness

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16
Q

Vit D deficiency = ?

A

rickets

osteoporosis

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17
Q

Vit K deficiency = ?

A

clotting deficiency

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18
Q

Vit C deficiency = ?

19
Q

Vit B1 deficiency = ?

20
Q

Vit B3 deficiency = ?

A

pellagra (gross skin condition)

21
Q

T or F - really difficult to overdose on water-soluble vitamins

22
Q

T or F - impossible to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins

A

false - it’s possible but only from supplements

23
Q

What is the most common fat-soluble overdose condition?

A

hypervitaminosis A

24
Q

5 major steps in digestion…?

A 
ingestion
mechanical digestion 
chemical digestion (molecular breakdown)
absorption
excretion/elimination
25
Q

What is intracelluar digestion?

A

digestion within individual cells

food is limited to microscopic particles

26
Q

In sponges, describe food digestion

A

H2O carries food particles -> H2O pores -> collar cells -> water, uneaten food & waste expelled thru large opening at one end of the sponge

27
Q

In weird bacteria thing, describe food digestion

A

food particles filtered from water by collar -> food enters collar cells via phagocytosis forming food vacuole-> food vacoule merges with lysosome & digestive enzymes -> waste expelled via exocytosis

28
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

food broken down in chamber that mixes food with digestive enzymes (eg. gastrovascular cavity simplest form found in cnidaria)

29
Q

What kind of digestive tract does a worm have?

A

tubular (one-way tube) food -> mouth -> anus -> out

30
Q

Teeth in carnivores?

A

canines & sharpened molars

31
Q

Teeth in herbivores?

A

incisors & flattened molars

32
Q

Teeth in omnivores?

A

incisors & flattened molars

33
Q

What does a crop do?

A

stores & moistens food

34
Q

What does the stomach chamber 1 do?

A

secretes protein digesting enzymes and begins protein secretion

35
Q

What does the stomach chamber 2 do?

A

(gizzard) crushes & grinds food

36
Q

4 chambers of ruminants…?

A

Rumen - houses microbes that breakdown cellulose & absorb
Reticulum - forms cud -> regurgitated & rechewed
Omasum - absorbs H2O & salt & small organic molecules released by microbes
Abomasum - acid & protein-digesting enzymes -> protein digestion

37
Q

Hindgut fermentation…?

A
  • Soluble sugars & AAs absorbed after digestion by animal’s own enzymes
  • cellulose digested by microbes after soluble nutrients have ben absorbed
  • animal absorbs FAs excreted by symbionts
38
Q

T or F - biomass of symbionts can be recovered by host

39
Q

What is caecotrophy?

A

poo eating (fucken rabbits)

40
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

sphincter between stomach & SI (duodenum)

41
Q

Stomach secretions…?

A

pepsinogen - precursor to pepsin (protein digestion -> peptides)
HCl - food hydrolysis & pH for pepsinogen -> pepsin
mucus - protects stomach cells from digestive enzymes

42
Q

Re. SI, enzymes are secreted by…?

A

liver - bile (emulsifies lipids)
pancreas - pancreatic juice (water, sodium, bicarbonate, various enzymes)
SI itself - peptide & disaccharide (protein & carb) digesting enzymes

43
Q

~ length of SI?

44
Q

Large intestine functions?

A

excretion
site of vitamin synthesis by endosymbiotic bacteria
MAJOR site of water absorption

BIO100 (25 decks)

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