Topic 5d - Animal & Human Nutrition

Question 1

Molecules needed for growth & reproduction include…?

Answer 1

energy (carbs & lipids)
water
some AAs
some FAs
vitamins & minerals
(all are essential except carbs & lipids)

Question 2

What provides energy from energy molecules?

Answer 2

chemical bonds

Question 3

How is a calorie quantified?

Answer 3

the heat to raise 1kg of water by 1 degree

Question 4

1 kilojoule = … calorie

Answer 4

0.239 Cal

Question 5

How many essential AAs do humans require?

Answer 5

9 (10 in infants)

Question 6

Essential fatty acids are required for synthesis of …?

Answer 6

hormones

Question 7

2 essential FAs in humans…?

Answer 7

linoleic & linolenic

Question 8

What roles do minerals play in the body…?

Answer 8

structural (Ca, Mg, P)
muscle/nerve function (Na, Ca, K)
blood function (Fe, Cu)
enzyme function (Zn, Mg)
digestion (Cl)

Question 9

A bit about water-soluble vitamins…? eg?

Answer 9

most function as co-enzymes
NOT STORED in the body
vit B & vit C

Question 10

A bit about fat-soluble vitamins…? eg?

Answer 10

variety of roles
vit K - blood clotting
vit A - visual pigments
vit D - bone formation
vit E - antioxidant

Question 11

Protein nutrient deficiencies…? eg?

Answer 11

kwashiorkor

marasmus

Question 12

Mineral deficiencies…? eg. calcium causes …?

Answer 12

rickets

osteoporosis

Question 13

Iodine deficiency causes …?

Answer 13

goitre

Question 14

Iron deficiency causes…?

Answer 14

anaemia

Question 15

Vitamin A deficiency = ?

Answer 15

night blindness

Question 16

Vit D deficiency = ?

Answer 16

rickets

osteoporosis

Question 17

Vit K deficiency = ?

Answer 17

clotting deficiency

Question 18

Vit C deficiency = ?

Answer 18

scurvy

Question 19

Vit B1 deficiency = ?

Answer 19

beriberi

Question 20

Vit B3 deficiency = ?

Answer 20

pellagra (gross skin condition)

Question 21

T or F - really difficult to overdose on water-soluble vitamins

Answer 21

true

Question 22

T or F - impossible to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 22

false - it’s possible but only from supplements

Question 23

What is the most common fat-soluble overdose condition?

Answer 23

hypervitaminosis A

Question 24

5 major steps in digestion…?

Answer 24

ingestion
mechanical digestion 
chemical digestion (molecular breakdown)
absorption
excretion/elimination

Question 25

What is intracelluar digestion?

Answer 25

digestion within individual cells | food is limited to microscopic particles

Question 26

In sponges, describe food digestion

Answer 26

H2O carries food particles -> H2O pores -> collar cells -> water, uneaten food & waste expelled thru large opening at one end of the sponge

Question 27

In weird bacteria thing, describe food digestion

Answer 27

food particles filtered from water by collar -> food enters collar cells via phagocytosis forming food vacuole-> food vacoule merges with lysosome & digestive enzymes -> waste expelled via exocytosis

Question 28

What is extracellular digestion?

Answer 28

food broken down in chamber that mixes food with digestive enzymes (eg. gastrovascular cavity simplest form found in cnidaria)

Question 29

What kind of digestive tract does a worm have?

Answer 29

tubular (one-way tube) food -> mouth -> anus -> out

Question 30

Teeth in carnivores?

Answer 30

canines & sharpened molars

Question 31

Teeth in herbivores?

Answer 31

incisors & flattened molars

Question 32

Teeth in omnivores?

Answer 32

incisors & flattened molars

Question 33

What does a crop do?

Answer 33

stores & moistens food

Question 34

What does the stomach chamber 1 do?

Answer 34

secretes protein digesting enzymes and begins protein secretion

Question 35

What does the stomach chamber 2 do?

Answer 35

(gizzard) crushes & grinds food

Question 36

4 chambers of ruminants...?

Answer 36

Rumen - houses microbes that breakdown cellulose & absorb Reticulum - forms cud -> regurgitated & rechewed Omasum - absorbs H2O & salt & small organic molecules released by microbes Abomasum - acid & protein-digesting enzymes -> protein digestion

Question 37

Hindgut fermentation...?

Answer 37

- Soluble sugars & AAs absorbed after digestion by animal's own enzymes - cellulose digested by microbes after soluble nutrients have ben absorbed - animal absorbs FAs excreted by symbionts

Question 38

T or F - biomass of symbionts can be recovered by host

Answer 38

false

Question 39

What is caecotrophy?

Answer 39

poo eating (fucken rabbits)

Question 40

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 40

sphincter between stomach & SI (duodenum)

Question 41

Stomach secretions...?

Answer 41

pepsinogen - precursor to pepsin (protein digestion -> peptides) HCl - food hydrolysis & pH for pepsinogen -> pepsin mucus - protects stomach cells from digestive enzymes

Question 42

Re. SI, enzymes are secreted by...?

Answer 42

liver - bile (emulsifies lipids) pancreas - pancreatic juice (water, sodium, bicarbonate, various enzymes) SI itself - peptide & disaccharide (protein & carb) digesting enzymes

Question 43

~ length of SI?

Answer 43

2.5 - 3m

Question 44

Large intestine functions?

Answer 44

excretion site of vitamin synthesis by endosymbiotic bacteria MAJOR site of water absorption