Bio quiz 1 revision Flashcards by vlad zuban

General cell size?

1-100microns

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Difference between animal & plant cells?

Plants contain: cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, rarely poses cilia

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Basic cell structure of prokaryotes…?

characteristic of bacterial cells
NO nucleus (DNA nucleoid)
NO membrane-bound organelles
very small (<5 microns diameter)
almost always have cell wall
some have flagella (NEVER cilia)
Also may contain: plasmid, capsule or slime layer, pili, ribosomes, food granules, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

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Which organ are involved in biosynthesis?

nucleus - stores info for construction (DNA)
ER - ribosomes attach, translate RNA -> proteins
Golgi apparatus - modifies & packages synthesised molecules for delivery to where they are needed
Vesicles - delivery containers between organelles

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What is energy conversion? Where does it occur?

Fuel molecules (lipids/sugars) -> ATP
initial processing -> cytosol
MAIN PROCESSING -> mitochondria -> ATP -> cytoplasm for use where needed

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Breakdown of food/organelles occurs where?

lysosomes (vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes at low pH)

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System involved with synthesis & packing of enzymes?

endomembrane system

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Importing & exporting molecules occurs how…?

Via cell membrane & associated proteins

invagination or evagination of cell membrane
binding to specific transport proteins
passive transport via channels

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T or F - All functional cells engage in reproduction.

False - most do but some do not eg. red blood cells

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Which structures pull chromosomes to opposite sides of dividing cells?

microfilaments

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Atomic number & atomic weight of an element?

atomic number = no. of protons

atomic weight = no. of protons + no. of neutrons

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T or F - electrons have a key role in bond formation & energy transfer

true

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What kinds of bonds do electrons enable?

ionic (electrons transferred)
covalent (electrons shared) - strongest bond
- polar covalent
- nonpolar covalent

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Least & most number of covalent bonds in element…?

least (1) - hydrogen H

most (5) - phosphorus P

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Hydrogen bonds…?

usually occur between H & O or H & N

occur among water, sugars, protein, DNA molecules

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Acids do what?

give up protons in solution

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Bases do what?

accept protons

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H2CO3 is a what? Why?

buffer cause it soaks up H+ ions as pH decreases & releases H+ions as pH rises

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Define specific heat…

amount of heat required to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degree celsius

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Define the high heat of vaporisation theory…

energy absorbed when water changes from liquid -> gas

-> evaporates -> draws heat from organism -> cooling it

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Define the heat of fusion theory…

H2O gives up heat as it freezes -> 8 x more than when it goes from 1 - 0 degrees

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Maximum density of H2O is at…?

4 degrees celsius

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Specific functionality comes from which elements?

P, O, N, S

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What are functional groups?

atoms other than C or H that give specific properties to molecules eg. polarity

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Major functional groups are...?

hydroxyl (-OH); carbonyl (C=O); carboxyl (O-C=O); amino (-NH2); sulfhydryl/thiol (-SH); phosphate (-PO4)

The smaller units of polymers are typically combined with...?

dehydration synthesis (H20 gets released)

Common monosaccharides...?

glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

Glucose + fructose = ?

sucrose

Structural polysaccharide?

cellulose => chains of glucose molecules but with alternating bond configuration from starch

Structural carbohydrate?

chitin => makes up exoskeleton of arthropods & cell wall of fungi polymer of glucose with amino side chain

Characteristics of lipids...?

``` mainly C & H hydrophobic energy storage (fats/oils) water-proofing (waxes) lipid bilayer hormones (steroids) ```

Define the heat of fusion theory...

H2O gives up heat as it freezes -> 8 x more than when it goes from 1 - 0 degrees

Maximum density of H2O is at...?

4 degrees celsius

Specific functionality comes from which elements?

P, O, N, S

What are functional groups?

atoms other than C or H that give specific properties to molecules eg. polarity

Major functional groups are...?

hydroxyl (-OH); carbonyl (C=O); carboxyl (O-C=O); amino (-NH2); sulfhydryl/thiol (-SH); phosphate (-PO4)

The smaller units of polymers are typically combined with...?

dehydration synthesis (H20 gets released)

Common monosaccharides...?

glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

Name a sulfur-containing functional group

cysteine

Structural polysaccharide?

cellulose => chains of glucose molecules but with alternating bond configuration from starch

Nucleotides serve which other roles?

``` energy carriers (ATP) electron carriers (NAD+, FAD, NADP+) ```

Characteristics of lipids...?

``` mainly C & H hydrophobic energy storage (fats/oils) water-proofing (waxes) lipid bilayer hormones (steroids) ```

T or F - Oils, fats & waxes may posses carbon rings

false - they contain only C,H & O, have 1 or more FA side chains, and only have linear chains of atoms (NO RINGS)

Phospholipids contain...?

- Polar head (functional group & phosphate group) - glycerol backbone - fatty acid (FA) tails

Steroids are...?

lipids containing 4 fused rings & are mainly hormones eg. cholesterol, oestrogen, testosterone

Amino acids contain...?

amino group variable group carboxylic acid group hydrogen

Amino acids join together to form proteins with which bond?

peptide bonds

Name 2 hydrophilic functional groups

glutamic acid | aspartic acid

Name 2 hydrophobic functional groups

phenylalanine | leucine

Name a sulfur-containing functional group

cysteine

Polymers of nucleotides are called...?

nucleic acids

Nucleotides serve which other roles?

``` energy carriers (ATP) electron carriers (NAD+, FAD, NADP+) ```

Define selectively permeable

a membrane that allows certain molecules to pass thru it by diffusion & occasionally facilitated diffusion

Different forms of passive movement across membranes...?

diffusion/osmosis | facilitated diffusion

Different forms of active movement across membranes...?

active transport co-transport membrane manipulations

Membranes are permeable to these molecules...

dissolved gases small uncharged polar molecules ethanol

Membranes are not very permeable to these molecules...

polar molecules charged molecules macromolecules

Membranes are semi-permeable to these molecules...

water | urea

Define osmosis

movement of water across a differentially permeable membrane

Define isotonic

same concentration

Define hypertonic

greater concentration

Define hypotonic

lesser concentration

Define equilibrium

concentration of diffusing substances in two compartments are equal

Define selectively permeable

a membrane that allows certain molecules to pass thru it by diffusion & occasionally facilitated diffusion

Example of simple diffusion?

O2 thru phospholipid bilayer

Eg's of facilitated diffusion?

Cl- thru channel proteins | glucose thru carrier proteins

Eg of osmosis?

H2O osmosis thru aquaporins or phospholipid bilayer

2 main features of active transport...?

movement against concentration gradient | requires energy

Where would active transport be used...?

when a cell is fighting a gradient eg. bringing nutrients into a cell waste excretion pumping ions across membrane

2 types of endocytosis...

pinocytosis - fluids | phagocytosis - particles

List the 4 cell connections...

desmosomes tight junctions gap junctions plasmodesmata

What are desmosomes?

cell connection in SI held together by protein filaments

What are tight junctions?

cell connections in urinary bladder sealed together by proteins

What are gap junctions?

cell connections in the liver connecting adjacent cells by channel proteins

What are plasmodesmata?

cell connections in plant roots connected by membrane-lined channels