Topic 5b - Dynamic UK Cities - London Flashcards
Describe London’s history:
- grew in the Roman times around a bridge built across the river Thames
- city grew around the trade that passed through the city
- its location as a port with easy access to Europe
What percentage of the UK’s income is in its capital?
20% of the UK’s income comes from London
Why is London a transport hub?
- major road and rail lines from London to rest of UK
- Heathrow = Major hub airport
- Eurostar - fast rail access to European cities
- major port until 1981 (still has shipping links)
Why is connectivity important?
- attracts investment
- encourages growth
- multicultural country = attracts migrants from all over the world
Why is being a multicultural city important for London?
- cultural influence = leading city in media, sports, music and fashion
- lots of foreign banks
What is London’s CBD?
- City of London = commercial mainly
- West End, The City and Canary Wharf
What are some features of London’s CBD?
- new high rise office blocks
- historical buildings
- expensive and high-density buildings
- accessible and well maintained
- high population
What is London’s Inner City?
- Newham - high class
- Chelsea - lower class - chaotic
What are some features of London’s Inner City?
- old industrial area and residential area with limited open space
- densely packed terraced housing (workers)
- many run-down areas = deindustrialisation and many areas were are redeveloped = varied regions
What are London’s Suburbs?
- Kingston upon Thames
- Surbiton = middle class residential
What are some features of London’s Suburbs?
- largest part of the area is in M25
- council housing
- private estates
- low building density (semi-detached - 20th cent)
- large green quality spaces
What is London’s Rural-Urban Fringe?
- Crockenhill
- Sevenoaks - higher class)
- Thurrock - industrial/ commercial area
What are some features of London’s Rural-Urban Fringe?
- high-quality green space (large parks)
- detached houses
- out of town complexes (shopping)
- extension fo transport to support commuters
- maybe an industry like oil refineries/ container pots = Lakeside opened in 1990
What is the role of the UK in the European Union occur?
- 1st May 2004 = 10 countries joined the EU and 8 of those had a living standard well below A8 countries
- UK opened up labour marker to all new member states
What are the main reasons that London grew?
- International migration
- national migration
- internal population growth
- inner city population increases
- foreign born population
How do international migration, national migration and internal population cause growth in London?
- International migration: net migration to London in 2014
- national migration: young adults move to the city to work or study
- internal population growth - more births than deaths
How does inner-city growth and foreign-born population cause growth in London?
- inner-city population increases - more population = more skilled and thus higher paid jobs and fewer migrants have jobs in the service sector
- foreign-born population - 50% of outer London/ Suburbs of Harrow and Hounslow = foreign born
What are the influences of migration?
- are structure
- ethnicity
- population
- services
- housing
- culture
How do age structure and ethnicity influence migration?
- age structure = higher percentage of 25-34 in inner-city (mostly migrants) and less over 65
- ethnicity = diversity increased in inner-city but also rapidly increasing in the suburbs
How do population and services influence migration?
- population = more in inner-city due to high migration rates
- services = inner-city = more demand for services such as education and healthcare = often the poorest part have a low population so hard to provide services
How do housing and culture influence migration?
- housing - more rate of immigration = overcrowding = poor have older terraced and 1960 - 70s council blocks in the inner city which are affordable
- culture - diverse = more than 200 languages and in some areas there is a distinct ethnic character (China town)
What affects inequality in the UK?
- IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation
- Deprived area
- East London
- poor people
How does IMD affect inequality in the UK?
- it combines data on employment, health and education, crime, housing, services and environment to give a figure for quality of life
How do deprived areas and East London affect inequality in the UK?
- lower quality of life causes deprivation in the Inner city and North London
- East London is more deprived than West London
How do poor people affect inequality in the UK?
- lower quality of housing and live close to work
- thus it’s difficult to leave the deprived areas
What are the main causes of inequality?
- services
- health
- employment
- education
How do services cause inequality?
- rapid population growth and turnover of people creates pressure on services
- funding in deprived areas is harder as there is less money from tax and businesses
How does health cause inequality?
- unhealthy lifestyles are more common in deprived areas as life expectancy is 5 years less
- NHS is overwhelmed and poor people can’t afford private healthcare
How does employment cause inequality?
- less manufacturing jobs in inner-city = new industries locate on outskirts which makes it harder for people to find a suitable work
- average income in Kensington and Chelsea is over £130,000
- in Newham was less than £35000
- more than 25% of London’s population in poverty due to unemployment or low wages
How does education cause inequality?
- best state schools (e.g Holland Park) = oversubscribed and difficult to get into but and wealthy parents sen children to fee-paying schools
- poor children can’t so they end up in underperforming state schools = cycle of poverty and low education means fewer job opportunities and low income
Why has the inner city and the CBD declined?
- deindustrialisation and depopulation
How has deindustrialisation and depopulation occurred in the inner city and CBD?
- decline of docks and manufacturing industry = mass unemployment (20% of jobs lost in 1966-76)
- depopulation = suburbanization and satellite towns built (Milton Keyes)
- buildings were left derelict and fewer services = not enough money
- decline due to less central location on the edge of London = this shops out of business etc.
- more e-commerce (online shopping) = high pressure on high street shops which are close or edge of city
Why did Shoredicth decline?
- dock/ industrial jobs move to Asia as 30% of manufacturing jobs in 1971 but 7.1% in 2001
- 16% of the population moved to East/ Suburbs
- decentralisation - shops moved out of town and high e-commernce
How did Shoredicth regrow?
- French Huguenot silk weavers = textile industries in the 1600s destroyed in WW2 and Blitz
- Shoreditch = crime, poverty and prostitution
- Thatcher’s gov set up London Docklands Development Cooperation (1981)
- web-tech start-up companies and TNCs invested in East London Tech City/ Silicon roundabout
- former industrial buildings converted into offices, flat, creative industries = attractive to students and graduated = old 5-6 storey buildings locked and replaced with tall apartments/high-end leisure culture (bars and hipsterfication)
- land value is too high for original students = forced out = gentrefication
How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth?
- more financial services and TNCs investment
- more TNCs
- gentrification and studentification
- urban sprawl
- leisure and culture
How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to more financial services and TNCs investment?
- more financial services and TNCs investment = revitalises the CBD so in the City of London = banking, insurance, and law companies benefit from being close to each other
How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to more TNCs?
- more TNCs - HQ in London - more investment
How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to gentrification and studentification?
- wealthier people move into rn down areas which regenerate by improving houses and new businesses spring up
- areas become studentified and more services and entertainment venues
- more jobs and wealth
How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to the urban sprawl?
- most growth in rural-urban fringe = large shopping centres on the edge of the city
- land is cheaper and low congestion and parking space and industrial areas develop on the outskirts
- more jobs mean more people live there
How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to leisure and culture?
- Olympic games in 2012 in London means more investment in the East End
- before it was more deprived but now more transport links and athletes village is a modern housing estate
- stadium is open for community and world sporting events which means more jobs and more people moving into the area
Where are Barking and Dagenham situated?
- in East London
- more untapped potential for growth as its more accessible
- it will deliver 17,000 new homes and 10,009 new jobs in the next 20 yrs
What is the council strategic plan of Barking and Dagenham?
- it promotes cultural events and providing Ice House Quarter for young artists
- attracts TNC investment
- redevelop Brownsfield sites for housing and commercial activity
- more transport infrastructure
- more environmental sustainability
- providing new campus for Coventry University in the borough
What are the positives of economic regeneration?
- new jobs opportunities - 22,000 in construction and 25,000 permanent
- better transport = quicker access to city jobs
- potential property investment and attract FDI
What are the negatives of economic regeneration?
- new jobs are normally low paid service jobs (bar or cafe clearers = not high wage jobs)
- some offices are empty so the area is more expensive (gentrification) = increases by 140%
What are the positives of social regeneration?
- 1,000 apprenticeship schemes (Londoners = education prospects)
- residents have more access to amenities and service as transport improvements are quicker - 12min to CBD
- links to historical significance - Battersea Power station
What are the negatives of social regeneration?
- local communities displaced and split up = affordable housing -(for who?)
- local interdependent shop owners will have had to close down
What are the positives of environmental regeneration?
- derelict buildings (health hazard) = get repurposed to a higher standard = inclusion of green space
- focuses on pedestrianised areas
- education in traffic and population
What are the negatives of environmental regeneration
- regeneration strategies = similar to UK and London - loss of individuality
- removal of road networks means traffic increases somewhere else
Describe Nine Elms:
- privately funded = regeneration project around Vauxhall station and riverbank
- formerly industrial - the rebranding of Battersea Powerstation and garden markets
- transformed into the ultramodern residential business district - public space, culture
- upgrades to the existing transport network and footbridge
- pedestrian-friendly area in park proposed to run through site (by FDI investment)
Describe London Docklands:
- regenerated and rebranded
- rebranding = improved a place’s image as many people go there - involves regeneration - more marketing for improvements
- London Docklands - rebranded and regenerated in the 1980s-1990s as a centre doe finance, business, and own offices in Canary Wharf and more housing
What were the positives of the regeneration and rebranding of London Docklands?
- more transport links (Docklands Line Railway and Jubilee Line)
- a better environment (green space)
- businesses attracted and more population - local businesses thrive
What were the negatives of the regeneration and rebranding of London Docklands?
- locals forced out (36% of unskilled workers = in council housing as they couldn’t afford new houses and they’re not suited to new jobs)
- traditional businesses (pubs) and old communities were closed and replace for wealthy newcomer’s services
- existing communities were destroyed as locals moved onto new towns and estates on London’s edge (Essex/ Chigwell)
What needs to be done to make urban living more sustainable?
- consider the economy, environment and social well being as bigger cities have more resources
What strategies are there to make urban living more sustainable?
- employment
- recycling
- green space
- transport
- housing
How do employment strategies make urban living more sustainable?
- more employment opportunities means that there is less poverty and more economic sustainability
- London Living Wage - a fair wage that takes account of the high cost of living and involved skills programmes that people can progress to higher paid jobs
- companies encourage people to work from home for 1 - 2 days = this makes working hours more flexible and decrease travel costs by avoiding peak time
How do recycling strategies make urban living more sustainable?
- more recycling means fewer resources used by household or facilities (only 33% compared to before)
- by 2020 London = decrease waste by 10% by providing bins, recycling and composting services accessible and developing waste being power stations which generate heat and power
- 1/3 of fuel used in the energy centre at Olympic Park is household waste = heats water to generate dor the whole park
How do green space strategies make urban living more sustainable?
- London is 40% green parks and large open areas
- essential for the quality of life but housing demand only me if less green space
- disadvantages = less farmland, less rural scenery if the green belt can survive
How do transport strategies make urban living more sustainable?
- noise and air pollution = less congestion charge and less at peak times
- self-service bikes (safer/easier than driving), electric buses and 0 emission taxes
- bus usage has increased by 6% since 2012
- hybrid buses at 4,500 spots in London from Source London
How do housing strategies make urban living more sustainable?
- BedZed = South London - provide thick insulation, solar heating, and water-saving systems
- less energy and conserves resources = locally sourced material so lower Carbon footprint thus subsided rents
- Millennium Village - low construction and recycling = low energy and sheltered from the wind and makes use of sunlight, restricted parking (1 per 2 people), secure, ecology park and landscaped public spaces.
What are the two aspects of modern villages?
- Daily Grind
- Sustainability in London
Describe the aspect of the daily grind in a modern village:
- 3 million travel to London for work/day
- half to central London and Heathrow
- London - 90% underground/ trams = more traffic congestion an lower quality of life
Describe the aspect of sustainability in London in a modern village:
- transport, affordable housing, energy efficiency, employment and green space = sustainable London
- thus more affordable housing projects BUT have a qualifying salary of £60,000
- this squeezes out the minimum wage workers
- First Steps = programme to help young people get on the property ladder by shared ownership = STILL expensive
What are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for?
- Labour
- Goods
- Services
How are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for labour?
- 650,000 people commute into the city each day from the outside
- students and young professors move in to live closer to work especially into areas with good entertainment facilities
How are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for goods?
- rural areas = food as farmers sell their product to supermarkets and wholesalers
- freshwater via rivers to London and wages from London move back to the rural areas (e.g. St. Ives)
- more rural people travel to London - shopping (luxury and good shops)
How are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for services?
- London = lots of services - hospitals, schools and specialist services
- Londoners to the countryside for gold or horse riding = leisure activities
What are the benefits of London and its surrounding areas being interdependent?
- good transport links - Central London is one hour by train
- more business = more disposable income
- farmers - gain money from selling land
- less pressure on London housing sand existing houses are either renovated or improved
What are the costs of London and its surrounding areas being interdependent?
- St. Ives has goods with high prices which the locals can’t buy
- loss of greenfield sites for housing estates in the countryside
- additional traffic from commuters
- commuter settlements have low demand thus services such as shops close down there
How does interdependence change rural areas?
- Counter-urbanisation
- Changing population
- the increasing population in London
How does counter-urbanisation change rural areas?
- more people to rural areas for a better quality of life = more pressure on housing so higher prices
- e.g. Sevenoaks = prices increased by 250% since 1990 due to the high demand
How does a changing population cause a change in rural areas?
- lots of people retire in rural areas as it’s a peaceful and pleasant environment
- younger people move to London due to work
- thus rural area has more than average of the proportion of ages over 50 and a low proportion of anger in their 20s
How does the increasing population in London change rural areas?
- more leisure time as huge pollution who have a higher income than they did in the past
- thus they need leisure and recreation services such as tea rooms, golf courses and riding schools in rural areas
What kind of IMD do rural areas have?
- low as they have a higher quality of life as people are wealthier and retired
What are the challenges for rural areas around London?
- employment
- increasing the use of technology and agriculture
- housing
- healthcare and education
Why is employment a challenge for rural areas around London?
- employment deprivation is concentrated on only a few small pockets
Why is increasing the use of technology and agriculture a challenge for rural areas around London?
- more use of technology and agriculture means that there is a bigger farm size and this less working in rural areas - makes finding an alternative job difficult
Why is housing a challenge for rural areas around London?
- Sevenoaks District - 30% more deprived areas for housing affordability and house prices which is higher than the UK average
- this makes it not affordable for the young workers with a low income
Why is healthcare and education a challenge for rural areas around London?
- ageing population = more healthcare and special facilities, GP surgeries in smaller communities
- but these close and schools close due to lack of pupils
- elderly don’t own cars so the struggle to shops and healthcare and young travel long distances to get to school or leisure activities
Describe Cornwall compared to the rest of the country:
- it is the poorest country in the neighbourhood
- bottom 10% - young can’t access good education past 16
- 30% of villages have no bus services
- infrequent bus services due to the low demand impact the elderly as some residents have to travel 1 hour to a hospital in Truro
Describe Cornwall’s coastline:
- 700km with 4m visitors every Aug
- remote- end of SW peninsular with small settlements
- poor transport links (no motorways)
- depend on tourism and low economic base
- low wage jobs and poor healthcare
What is Cornwall’s economic base?
- low economic base as they used to employ primary sector of fishing, farming, clay quarries and tin mining which have now all declined
- also dominate by low wage jobs, poor health access and low inwards investment
What are the negative social factors of Cornwall?
- 50% of young people between the ages of 16- 18 are expected to leave Cornwall as young adults for uni
- lots of 2nd homes which are unoccupied in winter - decreases demand locally - but now in St. Ives, they are all legally housing principal homeowners and there is a ban on 2nd housing
Where did rural diversification occur in the UK?
- In Windsor
- for economic opportunities
What is the ‘principal-residence policy’?
- “principal-residence policy” was designed to allow locals to buy new properties without competition from second-home buyers while stemming the reliance on tourism in the local economy
- allowed to build a more sustainable economy and maintain services
Why did rural diversification occur in Windsor?
- farmers struggle to earn enough as the prices for good decrease and cheaper imports being in competition
- to find alternative ways of income, farm-based new businesses are introduced = rural diversification
What are the ways that rural diversification occurred in Windsor?
- Farm shops
- Accommodation
- Leisure activities
- Tourism
- Royal Farms
How did farm shops cause rural diversification in Windsor?
- Windsor farm shops = created by converting Victorian Pot Sheds and constructing two new buildings
- create a farm and a coffee shop which opened in 2001
- sells locally sourced goods and produce
- land can still be farmed and a variety of crops are grown here (no monoculture = better from the environment)
How did accommodation cause rural diversification in Windsor?
- barn conversion, holiday cottages (campsites), log cabins, caravans = unsightly so more pressure on the natural environment as more visitors
- more water and energy used so more waste = economic benefits but more barn conversion means that less nestin place for birds so fewer birds
How did leisure activities cause rural diversification in Windsor?
- health spas and swimming pools means that land is built on for visitor facilities such as car parks
- this means more traffic = more air pollution
How did tourism cause rural diversification in Windsor?
- more economic opportunities so more events and buildings attract new facilities which are built on greenfield sites
- this causes more traffic congestion
How did Royal Farms cause rural diversification in Windsor?
- they provide meat to the Windsor Farm Shop
- customers return with the ‘satisfaction of knowing where meat comes from’
- 600 pigs through the butchery per year
