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🌄 > Topic 5b - Dynamic UK Cities - London > Flashcards

Topic 5b - Dynamic UK Cities - London Flashcards

1
Q

Describe London’s history:

A
  • grew in the Roman times around a bridge built across the river Thames
  • city grew around the trade that passed through the city
  • its location as a port with easy access to Europe
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2
Q

What percentage of the UK’s income is in its capital?

A

20% of the UK’s income comes from London

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3
Q

Why is London a transport hub?

A
  • major road and rail lines from London to rest of UK
  • Heathrow = Major hub airport
  • Eurostar - fast rail access to European cities
  • major port until 1981 (still has shipping links)
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4
Q

Why is connectivity important?

A
  • attracts investment
  • encourages growth
  • multicultural country = attracts migrants from all over the world
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5
Q

Why is being a multicultural city important for London?

A
  • cultural influence = leading city in media, sports, music and fashion
  • lots of foreign banks
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6
Q

What is London’s CBD?

A
  • City of London = commercial mainly

- West End, The City and Canary Wharf

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7
Q

What are some features of London’s CBD?

A
  • new high rise office blocks
  • historical buildings
  • expensive and high-density buildings
  • accessible and well maintained
  • high population
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8
Q

What is London’s Inner City?

A
  • Newham - high class

- Chelsea - lower class - chaotic

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9
Q

What are some features of London’s Inner City?

A
  • old industrial area and residential area with limited open space
  • densely packed terraced housing (workers)
  • many run-down areas = deindustrialisation and many areas were are redeveloped = varied regions
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10
Q

What are London’s Suburbs?

A
  • Kingston upon Thames

- Surbiton = middle class residential

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11
Q

What are some features of London’s Suburbs?

A
  • largest part of the area is in M25
  • council housing
  • private estates
  • low building density (semi-detached - 20th cent)
  • large green quality spaces
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12
Q

What is London’s Rural-Urban Fringe?

A
  • Crockenhill
  • Sevenoaks - higher class)
  • Thurrock - industrial/ commercial area
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13
Q

What are some features of London’s Rural-Urban Fringe?

A
  • high-quality green space (large parks)
  • detached houses
  • out of town complexes (shopping)
  • extension fo transport to support commuters
  • maybe an industry like oil refineries/ container pots = Lakeside opened in 1990
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14
Q

What is the role of the UK in the European Union occur?

A
  • 1st May 2004 = 10 countries joined the EU and 8 of those had a living standard well below A8 countries
  • UK opened up labour marker to all new member states
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15
Q

What are the main reasons that London grew?

A
  • International migration
  • national migration
  • internal population growth
  • inner city population increases
  • foreign born population
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16
Q

How do international migration, national migration and internal population cause growth in London?

A
  • International migration: net migration to London in 2014
  • national migration: young adults move to the city to work or study
  • internal population growth - more births than deaths
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17
Q

How does inner-city growth and foreign-born population cause growth in London?

A
  • inner-city population increases - more population = more skilled and thus higher paid jobs and fewer migrants have jobs in the service sector
  • foreign-born population - 50% of outer London/ Suburbs of Harrow and Hounslow = foreign born
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18
Q

What are the influences of migration?

A
  • are structure
  • ethnicity
  • population
  • services
  • housing
  • culture
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19
Q

How do age structure and ethnicity influence migration?

A
  • age structure = higher percentage of 25-34 in inner-city (mostly migrants) and less over 65
  • ethnicity = diversity increased in inner-city but also rapidly increasing in the suburbs
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20
Q

How do population and services influence migration?

A
  • population = more in inner-city due to high migration rates
  • services = inner-city = more demand for services such as education and healthcare = often the poorest part have a low population so hard to provide services
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21
Q

How do housing and culture influence migration?

A
  • housing - more rate of immigration = overcrowding = poor have older terraced and 1960 - 70s council blocks in the inner city which are affordable
  • culture - diverse = more than 200 languages and in some areas there is a distinct ethnic character (China town)
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22
Q

What affects inequality in the UK?

A
  • IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation
  • Deprived area
  • East London
  • poor people
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23
Q

How does IMD affect inequality in the UK?

A
  • it combines data on employment, health and education, crime, housing, services and environment to give a figure for quality of life
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24
Q

How do deprived areas and East London affect inequality in the UK?

A
  • lower quality of life causes deprivation in the Inner city and North London
  • East London is more deprived than West London
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25
Q

How do poor people affect inequality in the UK?

A
  • lower quality of housing and live close to work

- thus it’s difficult to leave the deprived areas

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26
Q

What are the main causes of inequality?

A
  • services
  • health
  • employment
  • education
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27
Q

How do services cause inequality?

A
  • rapid population growth and turnover of people creates pressure on services
  • funding in deprived areas is harder as there is less money from tax and businesses
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28
Q

How does health cause inequality?

A
  • unhealthy lifestyles are more common in deprived areas as life expectancy is 5 years less
  • NHS is overwhelmed and poor people can’t afford private healthcare
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29
Q

How does employment cause inequality?

A
  • less manufacturing jobs in inner-city = new industries locate on outskirts which makes it harder for people to find a suitable work
  • average income in Kensington and Chelsea is over £130,000
  • in Newham was less than £35000
  • more than 25% of London’s population in poverty due to unemployment or low wages
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30
Q

How does education cause inequality?

A
  • best state schools (e.g Holland Park) = oversubscribed and difficult to get into but and wealthy parents sen children to fee-paying schools
  • poor children can’t so they end up in underperforming state schools = cycle of poverty and low education means fewer job opportunities and low income
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31
Q

Why has the inner city and the CBD declined?

A
  • deindustrialisation and depopulation
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32
Q

How has deindustrialisation and depopulation occurred in the inner city and CBD?

A
  • decline of docks and manufacturing industry = mass unemployment (20% of jobs lost in 1966-76)
  • depopulation = suburbanization and satellite towns built (Milton Keyes)
  • buildings were left derelict and fewer services = not enough money
  • decline due to less central location on the edge of London = this shops out of business etc.
  • more e-commerce (online shopping) = high pressure on high street shops which are close or edge of city
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33
Q

Why did Shoredicth decline?

A
  • dock/ industrial jobs move to Asia as 30% of manufacturing jobs in 1971 but 7.1% in 2001
  • 16% of the population moved to East/ Suburbs
  • decentralisation - shops moved out of town and high e-commernce
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34
Q

How did Shoredicth regrow?

A
  • French Huguenot silk weavers = textile industries in the 1600s destroyed in WW2 and Blitz
  • Shoreditch = crime, poverty and prostitution
  • Thatcher’s gov set up London Docklands Development Cooperation (1981)
  • web-tech start-up companies and TNCs invested in East London Tech City/ Silicon roundabout
  • former industrial buildings converted into offices, flat, creative industries = attractive to students and graduated = old 5-6 storey buildings locked and replaced with tall apartments/high-end leisure culture (bars and hipsterfication)
  • land value is too high for original students = forced out = gentrefication
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35
Q

How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth?

A
  • more financial services and TNCs investment
  • more TNCs
  • gentrification and studentification
  • urban sprawl
  • leisure and culture
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36
Q

How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to more financial services and TNCs investment?

A
  • more financial services and TNCs investment = revitalises the CBD so in the City of London = banking, insurance, and law companies benefit from being close to each other
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37
Q

How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to more TNCs?

A
  • more TNCs - HQ in London - more investment
38
Q

How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to gentrification and studentification?

A
  • wealthier people move into rn down areas which regenerate by improving houses and new businesses spring up
  • areas become studentified and more services and entertainment venues
  • more jobs and wealth
39
Q

How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to the urban sprawl?

A
  • most growth in rural-urban fringe = large shopping centres on the edge of the city
  • land is cheaper and low congestion and parking space and industrial areas develop on the outskirts
  • more jobs mean more people live there
40
Q

How did parts of Rural-urban fringe and innercity experience economic growth due to leisure and culture?

A
  • Olympic games in 2012 in London means more investment in the East End
  • before it was more deprived but now more transport links and athletes village is a modern housing estate
  • stadium is open for community and world sporting events which means more jobs and more people moving into the area
41
Q

Where are Barking and Dagenham situated?

A
  • in East London
  • more untapped potential for growth as its more accessible
  • it will deliver 17,000 new homes and 10,009 new jobs in the next 20 yrs
42
Q

What is the council strategic plan of Barking and Dagenham?

A
  • it promotes cultural events and providing Ice House Quarter for young artists
  • attracts TNC investment
  • redevelop Brownsfield sites for housing and commercial activity
  • more transport infrastructure
  • more environmental sustainability
  • providing new campus for Coventry University in the borough
43
Q

What are the positives of economic regeneration?

A
  • new jobs opportunities - 22,000 in construction and 25,000 permanent
  • better transport = quicker access to city jobs
  • potential property investment and attract FDI
44
Q

What are the negatives of economic regeneration?

A
  • new jobs are normally low paid service jobs (bar or cafe clearers = not high wage jobs)
  • some offices are empty so the area is more expensive (gentrification) = increases by 140%
45
Q

What are the positives of social regeneration?

A
  • 1,000 apprenticeship schemes (Londoners = education prospects)
  • residents have more access to amenities and service as transport improvements are quicker - 12min to CBD
  • links to historical significance - Battersea Power station
46
Q

What are the negatives of social regeneration?

A
  • local communities displaced and split up = affordable housing -(for who?)
  • local interdependent shop owners will have had to close down
47
Q

What are the positives of environmental regeneration?

A
  • derelict buildings (health hazard) = get repurposed to a higher standard = inclusion of green space
  • focuses on pedestrianised areas
  • education in traffic and population
48
Q

What are the negatives of environmental regeneration

A
  • regeneration strategies = similar to UK and London - loss of individuality
  • removal of road networks means traffic increases somewhere else
49
Q

Describe Nine Elms:

A
  • privately funded = regeneration project around Vauxhall station and riverbank
  • formerly industrial - the rebranding of Battersea Powerstation and garden markets
  • transformed into the ultramodern residential business district - public space, culture
  • upgrades to the existing transport network and footbridge
  • pedestrian-friendly area in park proposed to run through site (by FDI investment)
50
Q

Describe London Docklands:

A
  • regenerated and rebranded
  • rebranding = improved a place’s image as many people go there - involves regeneration - more marketing for improvements
  • London Docklands - rebranded and regenerated in the 1980s-1990s as a centre doe finance, business, and own offices in Canary Wharf and more housing
51
Q

What were the positives of the regeneration and rebranding of London Docklands?

A
  • more transport links (Docklands Line Railway and Jubilee Line)
  • a better environment (green space)
  • businesses attracted and more population - local businesses thrive
52
Q

What were the negatives of the regeneration and rebranding of London Docklands?

A
  • locals forced out (36% of unskilled workers = in council housing as they couldn’t afford new houses and they’re not suited to new jobs)
  • traditional businesses (pubs) and old communities were closed and replace for wealthy newcomer’s services
  • existing communities were destroyed as locals moved onto new towns and estates on London’s edge (Essex/ Chigwell)
53
Q

What needs to be done to make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • consider the economy, environment and social well being as bigger cities have more resources
54
Q

What strategies are there to make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • employment
  • recycling
  • green space
  • transport
  • housing
55
Q

How do employment strategies make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • more employment opportunities means that there is less poverty and more economic sustainability
  • London Living Wage - a fair wage that takes account of the high cost of living and involved skills programmes that people can progress to higher paid jobs
  • companies encourage people to work from home for 1 - 2 days = this makes working hours more flexible and decrease travel costs by avoiding peak time
56
Q

How do recycling strategies make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • more recycling means fewer resources used by household or facilities (only 33% compared to before)
  • by 2020 London = decrease waste by 10% by providing bins, recycling and composting services accessible and developing waste being power stations which generate heat and power
  • 1/3 of fuel used in the energy centre at Olympic Park is household waste = heats water to generate dor the whole park
57
Q

How do green space strategies make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • London is 40% green parks and large open areas
  • essential for the quality of life but housing demand only me if less green space
  • disadvantages = less farmland, less rural scenery if the green belt can survive
58
Q

How do transport strategies make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • noise and air pollution = less congestion charge and less at peak times
  • self-service bikes (safer/easier than driving), electric buses and 0 emission taxes
  • bus usage has increased by 6% since 2012
  • hybrid buses at 4,500 spots in London from Source London
59
Q

How do housing strategies make urban living more sustainable?

A
  • BedZed = South London - provide thick insulation, solar heating, and water-saving systems
  • less energy and conserves resources = locally sourced material so lower Carbon footprint thus subsided rents
  • Millennium Village - low construction and recycling = low energy and sheltered from the wind and makes use of sunlight, restricted parking (1 per 2 people), secure, ecology park and landscaped public spaces.
60
Q

What are the two aspects of modern villages?

A
  • Daily Grind

- Sustainability in London

61
Q

Describe the aspect of the daily grind in a modern village:

A
  • 3 million travel to London for work/day
  • half to central London and Heathrow
  • London - 90% underground/ trams = more traffic congestion an lower quality of life
62
Q

Describe the aspect of sustainability in London in a modern village:

A
  • transport, affordable housing, energy efficiency, employment and green space = sustainable London
  • thus more affordable housing projects BUT have a qualifying salary of £60,000
  • this squeezes out the minimum wage workers
  • First Steps = programme to help young people get on the property ladder by shared ownership = STILL expensive
63
Q

What are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for?

A
  • Labour
  • Goods
  • Services
64
Q

How are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for labour?

A
  • 650,000 people commute into the city each day from the outside
  • students and young professors move in to live closer to work especially into areas with good entertainment facilities
65
Q

How are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for goods?

A
  • rural areas = food as farmers sell their product to supermarkets and wholesalers
  • freshwater via rivers to London and wages from London move back to the rural areas (e.g. St. Ives)
  • more rural people travel to London - shopping (luxury and good shops)
66
Q

How are London and its surrounding areas interdependent for services?

A
  • London = lots of services - hospitals, schools and specialist services
  • Londoners to the countryside for gold or horse riding = leisure activities
67
Q

What are the benefits of London and its surrounding areas being interdependent?

A
  • good transport links - Central London is one hour by train
  • more business = more disposable income
  • farmers - gain money from selling land
  • less pressure on London housing sand existing houses are either renovated or improved
68
Q

What are the costs of London and its surrounding areas being interdependent?

A
  • St. Ives has goods with high prices which the locals can’t buy
  • loss of greenfield sites for housing estates in the countryside
  • additional traffic from commuters
  • commuter settlements have low demand thus services such as shops close down there
69
Q

How does interdependence change rural areas?

A
  • Counter-urbanisation
  • Changing population
  • the increasing population in London
70
Q

How does counter-urbanisation change rural areas?

A
  • more people to rural areas for a better quality of life = more pressure on housing so higher prices
  • e.g. Sevenoaks = prices increased by 250% since 1990 due to the high demand
71
Q

How does a changing population cause a change in rural areas?

A
  • lots of people retire in rural areas as it’s a peaceful and pleasant environment
  • younger people move to London due to work
  • thus rural area has more than average of the proportion of ages over 50 and a low proportion of anger in their 20s
72
Q

How does the increasing population in London change rural areas?

A
  • more leisure time as huge pollution who have a higher income than they did in the past
  • thus they need leisure and recreation services such as tea rooms, golf courses and riding schools in rural areas
73
Q

What kind of IMD do rural areas have?

A
  • low as they have a higher quality of life as people are wealthier and retired
74
Q

What are the challenges for rural areas around London?

A
  • employment
  • increasing the use of technology and agriculture
  • housing
  • healthcare and education
75
Q

Why is employment a challenge for rural areas around London?

A
  • employment deprivation is concentrated on only a few small pockets
76
Q

Why is increasing the use of technology and agriculture a challenge for rural areas around London?

A
  • more use of technology and agriculture means that there is a bigger farm size and this less working in rural areas - makes finding an alternative job difficult
77
Q

Why is housing a challenge for rural areas around London?

A
  • Sevenoaks District - 30% more deprived areas for housing affordability and house prices which is higher than the UK average
  • this makes it not affordable for the young workers with a low income
78
Q

Why is healthcare and education a challenge for rural areas around London?

A
  • ageing population = more healthcare and special facilities, GP surgeries in smaller communities
  • but these close and schools close due to lack of pupils
  • elderly don’t own cars so the struggle to shops and healthcare and young travel long distances to get to school or leisure activities
79
Q

Describe Cornwall compared to the rest of the country:

A
  • it is the poorest country in the neighbourhood
  • bottom 10% - young can’t access good education past 16
  • 30% of villages have no bus services
  • infrequent bus services due to the low demand impact the elderly as some residents have to travel 1 hour to a hospital in Truro
80
Q

Describe Cornwall’s coastline:

A
  • 700km with 4m visitors every Aug
  • remote- end of SW peninsular with small settlements
  • poor transport links (no motorways)
  • depend on tourism and low economic base
  • low wage jobs and poor healthcare
81
Q

What is Cornwall’s economic base?

A
  • low economic base as they used to employ primary sector of fishing, farming, clay quarries and tin mining which have now all declined
  • also dominate by low wage jobs, poor health access and low inwards investment
82
Q

What are the negative social factors of Cornwall?

A
  • 50% of young people between the ages of 16- 18 are expected to leave Cornwall as young adults for uni
  • lots of 2nd homes which are unoccupied in winter - decreases demand locally - but now in St. Ives, they are all legally housing principal homeowners and there is a ban on 2nd housing
83
Q

Where did rural diversification occur in the UK?

A
  • In Windsor

- for economic opportunities

84
Q

What is the ‘principal-residence policy’?

A
  • “principal-residence policy” was designed to allow locals to buy new properties without competition from second-home buyers while stemming the reliance on tourism in the local economy
  • allowed to build a more sustainable economy and maintain services
85
Q

Why did rural diversification occur in Windsor?

A
  • farmers struggle to earn enough as the prices for good decrease and cheaper imports being in competition
  • to find alternative ways of income, farm-based new businesses are introduced = rural diversification
86
Q

What are the ways that rural diversification occurred in Windsor?

A
  • Farm shops
  • Accommodation
  • Leisure activities
  • Tourism
  • Royal Farms
87
Q

How did farm shops cause rural diversification in Windsor?

A
  • Windsor farm shops = created by converting Victorian Pot Sheds and constructing two new buildings
  • create a farm and a coffee shop which opened in 2001
  • sells locally sourced goods and produce
  • land can still be farmed and a variety of crops are grown here (no monoculture = better from the environment)
88
Q

How did accommodation cause rural diversification in Windsor?

A
  • barn conversion, holiday cottages (campsites), log cabins, caravans = unsightly so more pressure on the natural environment as more visitors
  • more water and energy used so more waste = economic benefits but more barn conversion means that less nestin place for birds so fewer birds
89
Q

How did leisure activities cause rural diversification in Windsor?

A
  • health spas and swimming pools means that land is built on for visitor facilities such as car parks
  • this means more traffic = more air pollution
90
Q

How did tourism cause rural diversification in Windsor?

A
  • more economic opportunities so more events and buildings attract new facilities which are built on greenfield sites
  • this causes more traffic congestion
91
Q

How did Royal Farms cause rural diversification in Windsor?

A
  • they provide meat to the Windsor Farm Shop
  • customers return with the ‘satisfaction of knowing where meat comes from’
  • 600 pigs through the butchery per year

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