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🌄 > Topic 3b - Megacities - Mumbai > Flashcards

Topic 3b - Megacities - Mumbai Flashcards

1
Q

Give the context of Mumbai:

A
  • largest city in Mumbai

- has global importance as strong, diverse economy and dynamic and creative industries

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2
Q

Why does quality of life vary so much in Mumbai?

A
  • Mumbai’s geography = developed on a group of islands surrounding a natural harbour
  • limited space so high population density = congested, crowded and hard to find affordable places to live in Mumbai
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3
Q

How has Mumbai grown rapidly since India’s independence from the British Empire?

A
  • migration and natural increase
  • well paid jobs in Mumbai’s thriving engineering, media and IT industry but lots of unskilled jobs too
  • expensive apartments but also Dharavi slums
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4
Q

What is Mumbai’s population?

A
  • 12.5 million people
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5
Q

What is Mumbai’s site?

A
  • people first settled here on a number of islands next to a safe harbour
  • located on west coast of Mumbai
  • mostly island but salt marshes and high relief up north
  • on estuary to ulhas river = good for port
  • low lying = easy to build on
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6
Q

What is Mumbai’s situation?

A
  • small fishing village surrounded by Mangrove swaps developed into poor and industrial city
  • naturally 10km deep harbour = containerisation and shipping
  • west coast = opened to regional markets in Middle East and international markets in Europe
  • Mumbai’s docks = handles 25% of all India’s international trade
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7
Q

What is Mumabi’s connectivity?

A
  • well connected
  • extensive road and rail infrastructure
  • excellent flight conditions = easy travel
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8
Q

How much of India’s GDP does Mumbai generate?

A
  • 10%
  • 40% of all exports of India cows from Mumbai = thus top location for FDI
  • business international stock exchanges
  • Bollywood = based in Mumbai = cultural capital city
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9
Q

Why are the suburban railways in Mumbai important?

A
  • they carry 7.5m commuters each day
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10
Q

What is the industrial history of Mumbai?

A
  • British developed textile fabrics in Mumbai = very important in 19th and 20th century
  • textile factories declined in late 20th century and port declines too as demand for textile exports fell
  • banking then became important = financial centre and globalisation
  • big companies moved there = IT , Engineering, health care , Bollywood
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11
Q

What are the problems with Mumbai’s site?

A
  • second half of 20th cent = rapid population growth due to RUM for work creating overcrowded, insanitary and unsafe conditions for its inhabitants
  • 1970 = proposal for a new suburbs in Mumbai = new Mumbai and people moved in there
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12
Q

What environmental factors impact Mumbai?

A
  • North of Mumbai’s peninsula = Sanjay Gandhi National Park = worlds largest park inside a city = 2m visitors per yr
  • has a small population of tigers
  • park is on high ground = too steep to build
  • park surrounded by Mumbai’s urban landscapes
  • helps reduce air pollution as area is highly congested
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13
Q

What is the city centre of Mumbai like?

A
  • oldest part of Mumbai = in the southern tip
  • CBD is located here = old banking sector
  • important companies with HQs here = Bank of India, Bank of America, Cadbury India, Microsoft India, Tata, Volkswagen, Walt Disney
  • old textiles mill area = redeveloped, housing = extremely expensive, retail developments here (mall)
  • port area = economically active = many people live here in slum housing (25,000 people)
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14
Q

What are the inner suburbs of Mumbai like?

A
  • redeveloped to house workers of old textile millers
  • now characterised by squatter and slum settlements in Mumbai
  • Mumbai’s largest squatter settlement = Dharavi
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15
Q

What are the outer suburbs of Mumbai like?

A
  • post 1970s
  • developed across railway lines = commuters can travel into city even New Mumbai through the Harbour Line
  • New industrial sectors also developed along railway lines
  • New Mumbai grew and industries located here due to cheaper land price and more space for expansion
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16
Q

What is the urban - rural fringe of Mumbai like?

A
  • spread into a vast conurbation = merges towns on mainland with population of 22m people
  • rural areas = found were environmental factors around Mumbai mean land isn’t suitable for building = marshland and frequent floods in hills
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17
Q

How has Mumbai’ population grown?

A
  • more than 12 times since 100 years

- most growth in suburbs

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18
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for Mumbai’s growth!

A
  • rates of natural increase

- national and international migration (mostly 1970s onwards)

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19
Q

How did Mumbai’s population change from 2001 to 2011?

A
  • increased by 3.4m
  • old city = natural increase added 0.75m more but 0.25m moved out of old city
  • suburban district = population increased by one million (0.75 due to inwards migration)
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20
Q

What is the population density of Mumbai like?

A
  • very high = 20,692people per km^2
  • congested and expensive to live here = move to cheaper areas and businesses relocate to less congested areas = suburbs
  • RUM migrants are poor = live in Mumbai’s slums = high pop density = cheap accommodation and close to where people work
  • often slums = right next to expensive accommodation (dev and em countries, not developed)
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21
Q

What are the push factors of Mumbai’s population growth?

A
  • difficult rural conditions = harder to make a living from farming so population increase also lowered farming wages
  • few services in rural India = education and health care is often basic so few leisure or entertainment facilities
  • new farming techniques in India = less jobs in farming
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22
Q

What are the pull factors of Mumbai’s population growth?

A
  • Mumbai’s rapid economic growth = huge range of jobs from high-skilled to small scale service jobs and low scale manual labour
  • education opportunities are better in Mumbai = more range of new
    healthcares and lots to see and do
  • wages in Mumbai are much higher, even for low-skilled jobs, than they are in the countryside
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23
Q

How has population growth affected city’s land use and functions?

A
  • population growth = higher values = TNCs require lots of space for their manufacturing plants = have relocated away from Mumbai to cheaper locations in India (Audi, VW, Skoda)
  • poorest migrants can’t afford to travel to work = high density slums near the port and CBD so they can access jobs = also have good housing = high inequality
  • middle classes are moving out from old city to New a Mumbai where newer, cheaper and better quality homes are
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24
Q

What were the main job opportunities in the 20th century?

A
  • manufacturing (cotton, car and consumer products in chemical industries)
  • but 1980s = textile and ports declined
  • then finance and IT for high skilled due to globalisation
  • boom in service sector for low skilled workers = taxi services, cleaners, hairdressers, couriers, mechanics, waiters, street vendors and small scale manufacturing
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25
Q

Describe the Dharavi Industries?

A
  • Asia’s largest slum
  • population of over 1 million living in a area of 1.5m squared
  • home to 5000 small scale businesses and 15,000 single room factories
  • together they are worth more than £350 million per yr
  • 1st or 2nd gen migrants couldn’t afford rents even outside Mumbai but in Dharavi, rents can be as low as 200 rupees per month
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26
Q

What are the infrastructure benefits of Dharavi?

A
  • slums = TV and dish antennas
  • media companies developed low cost dish satellites for poor people = benefit to an extent
  • creates a large market for services = more jobs
  • opportunities for big companies which need low skilled workers
27
Q

What are the challenges of living in Mumbai?

A
  • finding an affordable place to live
  • traffic congestion
  • limited services
  • living with squatter settlements and slum settlements
  • problems with water supply
  • problems with waste disposal
  • bad working conditions
28
Q

How is rapid expansion effected Mumbai?

A
  • new houses, rapid development and growth
  • major pollutions problems for the Mithi River in Mumbai
  • 800 million tonnes of untreated sewage
29
Q

How does rapid expansion effect traffic congestion?

A
  • over 1.8m cars in Mumbai
  • 90% travel by rail than car = pressure on railway system = more trains / more frequent
  • 8m travel on suburban lines
30
Q

How does rapid expansion effect housing?

A
  • Mumbai has limited space = high pop density
  • 2 types of slums = chawls and squatter settlements
  • Chawls = old tenant buildings, not maintained, unsafe (may collapse) and very high pop
  • squatter settlements = makeshift huts on land that belongs to others (50% of them are on private land) - on hilly or too marshy areas
  • poorest = live on streets - local bosses demand a rent
31
Q

How are the living conditions in the slums?

A
  • cheap and not official
  • Dharavi has problems with water supply (standpipes not water pipes = rationed)
  • problems with sanitation = no sewer system = use streams and rivers (500 people share a latrine)
  • not enough clean water for washing every day = people wash clothes in same river used for toilets
  • land taken by slums becomes more valuable as more people move in = owners want to clear it for permanent housing
  • gov wants to make better conditions for them but migration to Mumbai increases due to slums as they knew they could live Atleast somewhere
32
Q

What are the Mumbai working conditions in the slums?

A
  • majority is in the ‘informal sector’= poor conditions, no worker’s rights, long hours, small dark and unsafe work places and very low pay
  • jobs may be dangerous - dismantling ships while not being safely equipped or breathing in toxic fumes
33
Q

What is the quality of urban life?

A
  • measured from different factors ranging from wages to how connected people are
  • factors include levels of air and water pollution, transport congestion, access to healthcare and education, crime levels, access to affordable housing or adequate sanitation, quality of gov service and income (what can people earn)
34
Q

What is the quality of life like in Mumbai?

A
  • underachieving
  • other Asian countries have much better quality in terms of housing, healthcare, transport, sanitation and pollution = makes Mumbai more difficult to live in even though it was wealthy, high levels of FDI and sophisticated economic sectors
  • 3 major problems with the quality of life = Mumbai’s government, Mumbai’s property and corruption
35
Q

How does Mumbai’s government effect the quality of life in Mumbai?

A
  • gov in Mumbai is inefficient and very bureaucratic
  • it takes a long time for infrastructure improvements to be approved
  • new housing areas often have to wait a long time for adequate sanitation and waste disposal systems to be provided
36
Q

How does Mumbai’s property effect the quality of life in Mumbai?

A
  • most of it is rent-controlled =limits how high the rents can be
  • discourages property owners from making improvements or redeveloping housing as they would get the same rents for it
37
Q

How does corruption effect the quality of life in Mumbai?

A
  • means areas that were supposed to be redeveloped with affordable housing (e.g area of old textile mills) = actually sold to property developers who built expensive apartments blocks that only the rich could afford
38
Q

What is the quality of life like within Mumbai?

A
  • 40% in squatter settlements, 20% in chawls and 30% in housing and 10% on street
  • over than 60% of population = informal sector
  • areas of high quality is next to low quality
39
Q

Why is the quality of life so different in Mumbai?

A
  • inequality is large due to lack of gov’s control over city’s expansion
  • for affordable housing = need to built more houses but property developers make expensive apartments
  • better working conditions if gov imposes new regulations and laws to make sure they were obeyed
40
Q

What are the political and economic challenges for Mumbai?

A
  • Squatter settlements close to city centre/railways = valuable land = developers pay a lot for the land but residents want facilities where life would be improved so politically difficult to move residents but economically expensive to let them stay
  • super dense traffic congestion = politically unpopular but new transport infrastructure = very expensive
  • gov gets no tax from informal sector so moving to formal = benefits everyone but politically challenging as some people may feel like they’re losing money
41
Q

What are sustainable cities?

A
  • good quality of life for all residents
  • good public transport
  • waste is recycled so the city doesn’t dump problems in other areas
  • everyone has good access to local services
  • access to affordable housing
42
Q

What are the top-down strategies?

A
  • involve big, expensive infrastructure projects
  • managed by city gov which can access funds for this
  • imposed on the people by the gov
43
Q

What are some of Mumbai’s top-down stratigies?

A
  • Banning vehicles with an engine capacity over 2000c
  • Gorai Garbage Site Closure Project
  • The Mumbai monorail
44
Q

Describe the Gorai Garbage Site Closure Project?

A
  • 1972 till 2007 = 1200 tonnes of Mumbai’s solid waste was deposited at the Gorai landfill site every day
  • 20-hectare site in the North is close to residential areas and by 2007 it was 27m deep and emit methane gas and toxic run off = very unhealthy
  • 2007 = Supreme court ordered site to be improved = plan implemented to make site safe
  • site reshaped into a gentle hill covered in layers of lining to prevent leaching
  • methane capture technology installed
  • 2014 = scheme awarded prize for urban development
  • now a 19-hectare park = property prices increased
45
Q

Describe the Mumbai monorail:

A
  • 2005 = Mumbai’s government decided that monorail = solves transport problems
  • takes passengers off the road
  • 2008 = gov formed Public-Private Partnership with foreign engineering companies = first section opened in 2014 instead of 2009 and cost £310m
  • cheap tickets (11 rupees/ person) = but low passenger numbers as the route goes through industrial sectors rather than the old city
  • only 15,000 people/ day (mostly tourists)
46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of top-down strategies in terms of the Gorai Garbage Site Closure Project?

A
  • good as it had a big budget and the gov can access big funds
  • but the site had been polluting Mumbai for 35 years –> sooner action?
47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of top-down strategies in terms of the Mumbai monorail project?

A
  • gov have the authority to make big decisions affecting thousands of residents
  • attention grabbing prestige projects may not be the best solution for poeple’s actual needs
48
Q

What are bottom-up strategies?

A
  • organisations work with local residents to come up with community based solutions
  • often NGOs
49
Q

What are some bottom-up strategies in Mumbai?

A
  • SPARC and community toilet blocks
  • Hamara Foundation
  • Agora Microfinance India
50
Q

Describe the SPARC and community toilet blocks?

A
  • toilet blocks were provided by the city gov as individual prices = too expensive for most families
  • city toilets were badly designed without running water and gov employees failed to clean then
  • SPARC is an Indian NGO that works with communities in Mumbai = builds new toilet blocks that families can buy a monthly usage permit for ab 25 rupees
  • with a permit, they can use it as many times as they want during the month
  • toilets have electric lights = safer to use at night and separate toilets for children
  • past yr = SPARC provided 800 community blocks, each containing eight toilets
51
Q

Describe the Hamara Foundation?

A
  • estimated over 20,000 street children in Mumbai who have dropped out of school
  • forced by the police to move from any shelters they have made on streets as some street children take drugs and steal things
  • Hamara Foundation provides social-work services for street children to improve health, education and job skills
  • 2013 - 2014 = supported 327 children in going to school
  • also provided vocational training for 16-18 yr olds in computing, motor mechanics and hospitality
52
Q

Describe Agora Microfinance India?

A
  • people in squatter settlements don’t usually have bank accounts or get loans as they don’t get enough money
  • Agora Microfinance (banking service) specialises in microfinance for the slim’s residents
  • company gives loans for people to want to improve their homes or invest in their existing business or micro business
  • education loans avl for people who want to take classes or improve skills/ qualifications
  • group loans = take loans together
  • Individual loans are for amounts up to £300 and the interest rate is 25% paid in weekly instalments
  • before loan is given = guarantor of loan has to agree to pay the company £150 if the loan is not repaid
53
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bottom-up strategies in terms of the SPARC and community toilet blocks?

A
  • is able to respond directly to community needs and involve the community in providing solutions
  • but it should be the govs responsibility to provide public toilets; not local communities
54
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bottom-up strategies in terms of the Hamara Foundation?

A
  • able to concentrate funding and expertise on addressing a particular problem
  • only a small numbers of children can be helped = only 327 out of 200,000
55
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bottom-up strategies in terms of the Agaro Microfinance India?

A
  • it’s a service that was impossible for the urban poor to access previously
  • interest rates are high = reduces the amount of profit people can make
56
Q

Where is Dharavi located?

A
  • close to Bandra-Kurla Complex = within easy reach of the main railway lines
  • on a land estimated to be worth US $10bn
  • gov trying to redevelop it and give free housing to people who lived there originally
57
Q

Describe how the redevelopment of Dharavi worked?

A
  • 1.1m new low-cost, affordable housing units will be built (as tower blocks = leaves more space for higher-value apartments on the rest of the cleared site)
  • water supplies and sanitation services will be provided for all residents
  • education and healthcare services will be built into the new developments, along with shopping malls, restaurants and leisure services
58
Q

How did Dharavi residents respond to redevelopment strategies?

A
  • strongly opposed
  • concerned that it wouldn’t be possible for Dharavi’s many small businesses and micro industries to continue in tower blocks
  • community of Dharavi will be destroyed
  • more social problems = crime
59
Q

How did the redevelopers deal with the problems that Dharavi’s residents had?

A
  • to give people of Dharavi the ownership rights to the land on which Dharavi is built and then involve them in finding ways to improve living conditions in each neighbourhood in Dharavi
60
Q

What were the 4 goals of vision Mumbai?

A
  • improve rail, bus and road transport
  • boost economic growth
  • improve water, sanitation and healthcare
  • demolish slums and provide cheaper housing
61
Q

How much did Vision Mumbai cost?

A

$40bn

62
Q

What did the plans of Vision Mumbai include?

A
  • developers could buy land in Dharavi, demolish the slums and replace the housing with new high-rise blocks in other locations
  • new public toilets, increase train capacity and restore green spaces
63
Q

How did Vision Mumbai work?

A
  • by 2007 = 200 thousand people moved and 45 thousand homes demolished in Dharavi and new flats replaced it
  • piped water and sewage systems established for new flatscreen
  • by 2015, 72 new trains introduced to Mumbai’s railways and platforms raised to prevent them falling into the gaps
  • 2015 = new measures to improve air quality
64
Q

How did Vision Mumbai not work?

A
  • wealthy investors and property developers made profit but many investors pulled out due to slow gov
  • people in Dharavi didn’t like the changes = many prefer slum with piped water and sewage treatment, new 14-storey buildings split communities, rents cost more than in the slums, small workshops would have to move out or go out of business, affecting their cycling growth

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