Topic 5a The nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the regulation of conditions inside the body and cells to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to changes both internal and external conditions

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2
Q

Give two example conditions in your internal environment that need regulating and maintaining

A

Blood glucose content Body temperature Body water content

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3
Q

What is a stimulus

A

A change in your environment which may require a response

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4
Q

Name the part of the automatic control system that receives information about a stimulus and organises a response

A

Co-ordination centre

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5
Q

The water content in the body is monitored by a control system. If it gets to low, a negative feedback mechanism is triggered. Briefly outline the stages in this feedback system

A
  • Receptors of detect a stimulus when the water content of the body is to low -This information is sent to the co-ordination centre, which organises an appropriate response from the effectors - The effectors respond to counteract the change bringing its level back to the optimum level. Receptor detect stimulus - co-ordination centre organises response - effector bring water level to optimum
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6
Q

What categories are the control systems which regulate your internal environment categorised into

A

Nervous and Hormonal (chemical communication systems)

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7
Q

What type of effector secretes hormones

A

Glands secrete hormones

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8
Q

A sensory neurone is a type of neurone. Name two other types of neurone

A

Relay found in CNS Relay neurone = Carry electrical impulses from the sensory neurones to the motor neurones and are found in the Central Nervous System Motor neurone = The neurones that carry the electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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9
Q

A dog hears a cat moving in the garden and runs toward it. - What is the stimulus in this situation. - What detects the stimulus in this situation - What type of neurone transmits the information about the stimulus to the CNS

A

Stimulus - That sound of the cat moving Receptors in the dogs ears detect the stimulus (receptors sensitive to sound) Sensory neurone transmits the information to the CNS

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10
Q

What type of neurone transmits information from the CNS to an effector

A

Motor Neurone

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11
Q

How do nerve impulses travel between two neurones

A

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the synapse which sets off an electrical impulse in the next nuerone

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12
Q

What is a reflex

A

Reflexes are fast automatic responses to specific stimuli

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13
Q

Give an example of the bodies natural automatic reflex response

A

Bright light shinning in the eye. Your pupils automatically get smaller to prevent excessive amounts of light getting into your eye and damaging your sight.

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14
Q

Do reflex arcs travel through conscious parts of your brain

A

No - they are automatic responses which bypass your conscious part of the brain completely when a fast response is required

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15
Q

What trick can be used to remember the reflex arc

A

SRSRMER Stimulus - Receptor -Sensory N - Relay N - Motor N -Effector - Response

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16
Q

David steps on a drawing pin and immediately pulls his foot up What is the stimulus in this response? What is the effector in this response, How does it respond?

A

Stimulus = would be the pain felt from stepping on the pin The effector in this response would be the muscles contracting in order for David to lift his foot off the ground (moving foot away from the source of pain)

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17
Q

What is reaction time

A

The time taken to respond to a stimulus

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18
Q

Name the region of the brain that is important for consciousness

A

Cerebral Cortex - outer wrinkly layer of the brain responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language Cerbral cortex = memory, intelligence, conciousness

19
Q

Where in the brain is the cerebellum located

A

At the back of the brain behind the medulla and spinal cord on diagram. It is responsible for muscle co-ordination.

20
Q

Where is the Medulla located

A

The medulla is at the base of the brain, at the top of the spinal cord. It controls unconscious activity (thing that you don’t have to think about) like breathing and your heart beat.

21
Q

Ataxia is brain condition which can cause difficulty with walking. What part of the brain may be affected with ataxia.

A

The cerebellum as this is the part of the brain responsible for muscle co-ordination

22
Q

What ways can neuro-scientists associate different parts of the brain with specific functions

A
  • Studying patients with brain damage e.g. If a patient has a stroke damaging the back of the brain and the patient loses their vision we can identify that the back of the brain has something to do with vision
  • Electrically stimulating the brain using electrodes to send electrical impulses to different parts of the brain and observing response
  • MRI Scans Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner to monitor brain activity
23
Q

What type of organ is the eye

A

The eye is a sense organ

24
Q

Name the different parts of the eye and their function

A

Sclera - Tough supporting wall of the eye

Cornea - Transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye. It refracts (bends)light into the eye

Pupil - The hole at the centre of the eye through which light enters Iris - Contains muscles which allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore control how much light enters

Retina - Layer at the back of the eye which contains 2 light receptor cells one for light intensity and the other which is sensitive to colour

Lens - focuses the light into the Retina Cillary muscles and Suspensory ligaments control the shape of the lens

Optic nerve - carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

25
Q

Describe how the eye responds to bright light

A

A reflex is triggered making the pupil smaller. The circular muscles in the iris and the radial muscles relax thus reducing the amount of light that can enter the eye.

26
Q

Describe how the iris reflex protects the eye

A

Bright light can damage the retina. The iris reflex to bright light quickly reduces the amount of light which is able to enter the eye and in turn protects the retina from damage.

27
Q

In relation to the eye what is accommodation

A

The process of the eye focusing light on the retina by changing the shape of the lens

28
Q

What does a diagram of an eye looking at a distant object look like

A

The lens cillary muscles relax not touching the lens and the lens looks thinner

29
Q

What happens when the eye wants to focus on an object nearby

A
  • Cillary muscles contract which slacken the suspensory ligament - The lens becomes fat and more curved - This increases the amount by which it refracts light into the eye
30
Q

What happens when the eye wants to focus on an object in the distance

A
  • The cillary muscles relax which allows the suspensory ligaments to tighten - This makes the lens go thin (less curved) - So it refracts light by a smaller amount
31
Q

What causes a person to be long or short sighted

A

When the lens cannot focus the light in the correct place on the retina

32
Q

What is long sightedness

A

Long sightedness refers to people who are unable to focus on a near object - In long sighted people images are brought into focus behind the retina

33
Q

What is the medical term for long sightedness

A

Long sightedness = Hyperopia Can be corrected by convex lens (curves outwards which refracts the light rays so they can focus on the retina)

34
Q

What is the medical term for short sightedness

A

Short sightedness = Myopia Can be corrected by concave lens (curves inwards which refracts the light so the light rays can focus on the retina)

35
Q

What is short sightedness

A

Short sightedness refers to people who are unable to focus on distant objects. This occurs when the lens is the wrong shape or the eyeball is too long

36
Q

what is a contact lens

A

a thin lens that sight on the surface of the eye and are shaped to compensate for the fault in focusing

37
Q

Name some alternative treatments for myopia and hyperopia other than glasses

A

Laser eye surgery - laser used to vaporise the tissue thus changing the shape of the cornea which effects how strongly it refracts light into the eye Contact lenses - Thin lens sits on surface of the eye and is shaped to compensate for the fault in focusing Replacement lens surgery - natural lens is removed and replaced with a plastic artificial one.

38
Q

What is the thermoregulatory centre

A

Is a part of the brain which controls your bodies core internal temperature. Ideal temp 37c

39
Q

Where does the thermoregulatory centre receive inputs about body temperature?

A

Information is received from receptors in the skin (cells which react to stimuli) sensitive to the temperature blood flowing through the brain as well as receptors in the skin sensitive to skin temperature which send information to the brain via nerve impulse

40
Q

In what way does the body respond to an increase in core body temperature

A
  • Hairs on the skin lie flat reducing the air trapped near the surface of the skin. This allows heat to be transferred from the skin to the environment more easily - Sweat is produced by sweat glands, When sweat evaporates from the skin, it transfers energy to environment helping to reduce body temperature. - Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries dilate (get wider). This allows more blood to flow close to the surface of the skin. This is called VASODIALATION. It helps transfer energy to the environment.
41
Q

In what way does the body respond to a drop in core body temperature

A
  • Hairs stand up on the skin trapping the air near the surface of the skin and creating an insulating barrier to reduce the amount of energy transferred to the environment - No Sweat is produced - blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict to reduce the skins blood supply (VASOCONSTRICTION). It reduces the amount of blood that flows close to the surface of the skin and so less energy is transferred from the skin to the environment
42
Q

What is the order of response to a stimulus

A

Receptor is stimulated - signal sent along neurones to the brain - brain co-ordinates a response - signal sent along neurones to the effector

43
Q

What are neurones

A

Neurones are individual nerve cells which are bundled into nerves