Topic 2b Health & Disease

Question 1

What is the definition of health

Answer 1

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 2

What is meant by the term communicable disease

Answer 2

Communicable disease can spread from person to person or between animals and people
Caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Described as contagious or infectious

Question 3

Give an example of a communicable disease

Answer 3

Measles - A viral disease spread through droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough. People with measles develop a red skin rash and show signs of a high temperature/fever
EBOLA - fatal virus causing diarrhea, vomiting fever. SPREAD through direct bodily contact
Flu
Std

Question 4

What is meant by the term non communicable disease

Answer 4

A non communicable disease is one which cannot be spread between people or between animals and people.
They generally last for a long time and get worse progressively over a long time.
Examples = Asthma, Cancer, Coronary Heart disease

Question 5

Give three factors which may affect your health other than disease.

Answer 5

Diet - Whether or not you have a healthy balanced diet to give your body everything it needs. A poor diet can affect your physical and mental health
Stress - Being constantly under stress can lead to health issues
Life situation - Social economic status, whether or not you have access to medicines to treat illnesses being able to buy things that can prevent you from getting ill i.e medicine, condoms

Question 6

What is cardiovascular disease

Answer 6

Is Disease of the heart and the blood vessels.

Question 7

What is coronary heart disease

Answer 7

coronary heart disease is when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become blocked by fatty deposits which cause them to become narrow restricting the blood flow therefore restricting the amount of oxygen to the heart

Question 8

What is a stent

Answer 8

Stents are wire mesh tubes which are inserted into the arteries to widen them. The stent pushes the artery wall out squashing the fatty deposit and creating more space in the centre of the artery. They keep the arteries open so that blood can pass through them to the heart muscles.

Question 9

Advantages and disadvantages of stents

Answer 9

Advantages - Lower the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart disease, Last a long time, Recovery time from surgery is relatively quick.
Disadvantages - Risk of complication/Infection during surgery, Risk of blood clot near the stent (Known as Thrombosis)

Question 10

What are Statins

Answer 10

Statins are drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the bloodstream. Statins slow down the rate of fatty deposits forming in the arteries.

Question 11

Advantages of Statins

Answer 11

statins reduce the amount of bad cholesterol (LDL Cholesterol) in the blood and in turn reduce the risk of strokes coronary heart disease and heart attacks.
Statins can also help increase the amount of good cholesterol in the blood (also known as HDL Cholesterol)

Question 12

Disadvantages of Statins

Answer 12

Its a long term drug that has to be taken regularly

Negative side affects such as headaches, kidney failure, and memory loss.

Question 13

What are artificial hearts

Answer 13

Devices used to pump blood around the body for a person whose heart has failed.
Usually a temporary fix which allows the heart to heal and rest before a donor heart is found.

Question 14

Advantages to a artificial heart

Answer 14

They’re less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system as they are made from metal and plastics so the body doesn’t recognise them to be foreign and attack the same way as it does living tissue.

Question 15

Disadvantages of a artificial heart

Answer 15

Surgery is invasive and can lead to bleeding and infection.
They do not work as efficiently as a normal heart, parts may wear out or electrical components could fail
Blood doesn’t flow through them as smoothly as that of a natural heart which may lead to blood clots.
Generally uncomfortable for the patient.

Question 16

What are biological valves

Answer 16

Biological valves are replacement heart valves given to a human from another human or mammal (usually pig or cow)

Question 17

When is it necessary to replace heart valves

Answer 17

Heart valves should be replaced when they become damaged causing tissue to stiffen so it does not open properly. Leaky valves should also be replaced as they allow the blood to flow in both directions rather than just forward affecting blood circulation.

Question 18

What are risk factors

Answer 18

something linked to the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime

Question 19

give an example of three things that risk factors could be

Answer 19

aspects of a persons lifestyle - lack of exercise, alcohol consumption
presence of certain substances in the environment - e.g. air pollution
presence of certain substances within the body - e.g. asbestos fibres

Question 20

Give an example of how lifestyle risk factors can affect the incidence/occurrence of non communicable diseases at a national level

Answer 20

Nationally people from deprived areas are more likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not exercise. This means the incidence/ occurrence of cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes is higher in those areas. Your individual choices affect local incidence/ occurrence of disease.

Question 21

Give a risk factor that is thought to cause type 2 diabetes

Answer 21

Obesity is thought to cause type 2 diabetes by making the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin. This means the body cannot control the level of glucose in the blood

Question 22

Give 2 diseases that smoking has been proven to cause

Answer 22

Cardiovascular disease, Lung cancer. It damages the walls of the arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs.

Question 23

What is a carcinogen

Answer 23

A Carcinogen is something that causes cancer.

Question 24

What are the human cost of non communicable diseases

Answer 24

A[part from 10’s of millions of people dying for non communicable disease every year, people living with non communicable diseases have a lower quality of life and a shorter life expectancy.

Question 25

What are the financial costs of non communicable diseases

Answer 25

The costs of NHS performing research and treating these diseases. A reduction in the amount of people able to work can negatively affect the economy.

Question 26

What is cancer

Answer 26

Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division. This uncontrolled cell growth and division is a result of changes that occur in the cells resulting in the formation of a tumour (growth of abnormal cells)

Question 27

What is a benign tumour

Answer 27

Benign tumours are the growth of abnormal cells in one area. They are usually contained within a membrane. and do not invade of the areas of the body.
This type of tumour is normally not dangerous and the tumour isn’t cancerous.

Question 28

What is a malignant tumour

Answer 28

Malignant tumours are the growth of abnormal cells in which the cells invade neighbouring healthy tissues and move into the bloodstream allowing them to travel to other parts of the body. They can then form new secondary tumours. Malignant tumour cells are classed as cancerous and can be fatal.

Question 29

Why can enzymes be described as biological catalysts

Answer 29

because they increase the speed of a biological reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

Question 30

What are enzymes

Answer 30

Enzymes are large protein molecules which act as catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

Question 31

What is a substrate

Answer 31

A substrate is a molecule/substance which an enzyme acts on in order to break it down into a product e.g. Amalyse (enzyme with active site) attaches to starch molecule (which is the substrate) and breaks it down into sugars

Question 32

What is the name of the part of the enzyme which attaches to the substrate, describe the process

Answer 32

Active Site - Every enzyme has an active site which can be described as a grove on their surface for a specific substrate to attach/fit to. The substrate fits perfectly into the active site and the reaction can then be catalysed (substrate broken down into a product)

Question 33

At what temperature do enzymes work best at in the human body

Answer 33

37 degrees

Question 34

What is an enzyme catalysed reaction

Answer 34

A reaction in which an enzyme has been used in order to increase the reaction rate

Question 35

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature is increased past the optimum level

Answer 35

If the temperature gets to hot the bonds holding the enzyme together can break in turn changing the shape of the active site and meaning the substrate will not fit any more. The enzyme is said to be denatured.

Question 36

What is the optimum ph at which enzymes work best

Answer 36

The optimum ph is different for different enzymes

Question 37

Low ph is what

High ph is what

Answer 37

Low = acidic 
High = alkaline

Question 38

What happens to an enzyme if the ph is to high or low

Answer 38

the bonds holding the enzyme together can break in turn changing the shape of the active site and meaning the substrate will not fit any more. The enzyme is said to be denatured.

Question 39

How do you investigate the effect of ph on the rate of the reaction catalysed by the enzyme amylase

Answer 39

By using iodine solution. Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch to maltose. If starch is present, the iodine solution will change from orange to a black. Measure the time taken for amylase to completely break down starch, by withdrawing samples(mixture of 1st PH buffer, 2nd Amylase solution 3rd Starch) at 10 second intervals and noting the time at which the solution no longer gives a blue-black colour with iodine solution

Question 40

Describe the process of investigating effect of ph on the enzyme amylase

Answer 40

1. Drop of iodine into each well of spotting tile
2. Three Test tubes Ph Buffer, Amylase, Starch all measured at 2 cm3 placed in water bath at 30 c
3. Combine solutions in a test tube mix with mixing rod and return to water bath starting stopwatch
4. After 30 sec transfer 1 drop of the solution to a well of iodine, do this to a new well every 30 sec until the iodine does not change colour and remains orange.
   when the iodine remains orange this tells us that starch is no longer present and the reaction is complete.
5. record the time for the reaction and repeat the experiment again using a buffer solution at a different ph

Question 41

How do you calculate the rate of a reaction

Answer 41

Rate = 1000/time.
Example time taken for amylase to break down was 90 seconds. so the Rate = 1000/ 90 = 11 s-1
Always s-1 since rate is a unit of time.

Question 42

What is used to control the ph level of the enzyme and starch mixture

Answer 42

Buffer solution

Question 43

Where is Amylase made

Answer 43

Made in the Salivary Glands, Pancreas and small intestine and works in the Mouth and Small Intestine

AMALYSE =S/G Ps Ms

Question 44

Where are Proteases made

Answer 44

Made in the Stomach, Pancreas and Small Intestine and works in the Stomach and Small intestine

PROTEASE = SPs Ss

Question 45

Where are Lipases made

Answer 45

Made in the Pancreas and Small Intestine and work in the Small Intestine

LIPASE = Ps s

Question 46

Describe how bile produces the ideal conditions for enzymes in the small intestine

Answer 46

Bile is an alkaline so it neutralises the stomach acid making the ideal conditions for the enzymes to work in

Question 47

Where is Bile made

Answer 47

Bile is made in the liver stored in gall bladder and works in the small intestine

Question 48

Name the reagent used to test for reducing sugars in a food test

Answer 48

Benedicts solution

Question 49

Describe the colour change which would occur in the iodine test if starch is present in a food sample

Answer 49

Colour will change from a orange to a dark blue-black colour if starch is present

Question 50

What substance is used to show the presence of protein in a food

Answer 50

Biuret - If Protein is present the sample will go from a blue colour to purple colour

Question 51

A student has a piece of food and wants to know if it contains lipids. Outline the test he could carry out.

Answer 51

Grind food using pestle and mortar and mix with water in a beaker. Stir the mixture using a glass rod and filter to remove any solids. 5cm3 of solution should be poured in to a test tube adding 3 drops of Sudan lll using a pipette. Gently shake the test tube. If Lipids are present in the food, the mixture will separate into 2 layers with the top being bright red.

Question 52

What substance is used to find the presence of lipids in a sample

Answer 52

Sudan lll