Topic 2b Health & Disease Flashcards
What is the definition of health
Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing
What is meant by the term communicable disease
Communicable disease can spread from person to person or between animals and people
Caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Described as contagious or infectious
Give an example of a communicable disease
Measles - A viral disease spread through droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough. People with measles develop a red skin rash and show signs of a high temperature/fever
EBOLA - fatal virus causing diarrhea, vomiting fever. SPREAD through direct bodily contact
Flu
Std
What is meant by the term non communicable disease
A non communicable disease is one which cannot be spread between people or between animals and people.
They generally last for a long time and get worse progressively over a long time.
Examples = Asthma, Cancer, Coronary Heart disease
Give three factors which may affect your health other than disease.
Diet - Whether or not you have a healthy balanced diet to give your body everything it needs. A poor diet can affect your physical and mental health
Stress - Being constantly under stress can lead to health issues
Life situation - Social economic status, whether or not you have access to medicines to treat illnesses being able to buy things that can prevent you from getting ill i.e medicine, condoms
What is cardiovascular disease
Is Disease of the heart and the blood vessels.
What is coronary heart disease
coronary heart disease is when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become blocked by fatty deposits which cause them to become narrow restricting the blood flow therefore restricting the amount of oxygen to the heart
What is a stent
Stents are wire mesh tubes which are inserted into the arteries to widen them. The stent pushes the artery wall out squashing the fatty deposit and creating more space in the centre of the artery. They keep the arteries open so that blood can pass through them to the heart muscles.
Advantages and disadvantages of stents
Advantages - Lower the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart disease, Last a long time, Recovery time from surgery is relatively quick.
Disadvantages - Risk of complication/Infection during surgery, Risk of blood clot near the stent (Known as Thrombosis)
What are Statins
Statins are drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the bloodstream. Statins slow down the rate of fatty deposits forming in the arteries.
Advantages of Statins
statins reduce the amount of bad cholesterol (LDL Cholesterol) in the blood and in turn reduce the risk of strokes coronary heart disease and heart attacks.
Statins can also help increase the amount of good cholesterol in the blood (also known as HDL Cholesterol)
Disadvantages of Statins
Its a long term drug that has to be taken regularly
Negative side affects such as headaches, kidney failure, and memory loss.
What are artificial hearts
Devices used to pump blood around the body for a person whose heart has failed.
Usually a temporary fix which allows the heart to heal and rest before a donor heart is found.
Advantages to a artificial heart
They’re less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system as they are made from metal and plastics so the body doesn’t recognise them to be foreign and attack the same way as it does living tissue.
Disadvantages of a artificial heart
Surgery is invasive and can lead to bleeding and infection.
They do not work as efficiently as a normal heart, parts may wear out or electrical components could fail
Blood doesn’t flow through them as smoothly as that of a natural heart which may lead to blood clots.
Generally uncomfortable for the patient.
What are biological valves
Biological valves are replacement heart valves given to a human from another human or mammal (usually pig or cow)
When is it necessary to replace heart valves
Heart valves should be replaced when they become damaged causing tissue to stiffen so it does not open properly. Leaky valves should also be replaced as they allow the blood to flow in both directions rather than just forward affecting blood circulation.
What are risk factors
something linked to the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime
give an example of three things that risk factors could be
aspects of a persons lifestyle - lack of exercise, alcohol consumption
presence of certain substances in the environment - e.g. air pollution
presence of certain substances within the body - e.g. asbestos fibres
Give an example of how lifestyle risk factors can affect the incidence/occurrence of non communicable diseases at a national level
Nationally people from deprived areas are more likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not exercise. This means the incidence/ occurrence of cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes is higher in those areas. Your individual choices affect local incidence/ occurrence of disease.
Give a risk factor that is thought to cause type 2 diabetes
Obesity is thought to cause type 2 diabetes by making the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin. This means the body cannot control the level of glucose in the blood
Give 2 diseases that smoking has been proven to cause
Cardiovascular disease, Lung cancer. It damages the walls of the arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs.
What is a carcinogen
A Carcinogen is something that causes cancer.
What are the human cost of non communicable diseases
A[part from 10’s of millions of people dying for non communicable disease every year, people living with non communicable diseases have a lower quality of life and a shorter life expectancy.
What are the financial costs of non communicable diseases
The costs of NHS performing research and treating these diseases. A reduction in the amount of people able to work can negatively affect the economy.
What is cancer
Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division. This uncontrolled cell growth and division is a result of changes that occur in the cells resulting in the formation of a tumour (growth of abnormal cells)
What is a benign tumour
Benign tumours are the growth of abnormal cells in one area. They are usually contained within a membrane. and do not invade of the areas of the body.
This type of tumour is normally not dangerous and the tumour isn’t cancerous.
What is a malignant tumour
Malignant tumours are the growth of abnormal cells in which the cells invade neighbouring healthy tissues and move into the bloodstream allowing them to travel to other parts of the body. They can then form new secondary tumours. Malignant tumour cells are classed as cancerous and can be fatal.
Why can enzymes be described as biological catalysts
because they increase the speed of a biological reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction
What are enzymes
Enzymes are large protein molecules which act as catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
What is a substrate
A substrate is a molecule/substance which an enzyme acts on in order to break it down into a product e.g. Amalyse (enzyme with active site) attaches to starch molecule (which is the substrate) and breaks it down into sugars
What is the name of the part of the enzyme which attaches to the substrate, describe the process
Active Site - Every enzyme has an active site which can be described as a grove on their surface for a specific substrate to attach/fit to. The substrate fits perfectly into the active site and the reaction can then be catalysed (substrate broken down into a product)
At what temperature do enzymes work best at in the human body
37 degrees
What is an enzyme catalysed reaction
A reaction in which an enzyme has been used in order to increase the reaction rate
What happens to an enzyme if the temperature is increased past the optimum level
If the temperature gets to hot the bonds holding the enzyme together can break in turn changing the shape of the active site and meaning the substrate will not fit any more. The enzyme is said to be denatured.
What is the optimum ph at which enzymes work best
The optimum ph is different for different enzymes
Low ph is what
High ph is what
Low = acidic High = alkaline
What happens to an enzyme if the ph is to high or low
the bonds holding the enzyme together can break in turn changing the shape of the active site and meaning the substrate will not fit any more. The enzyme is said to be denatured.
How do you investigate the effect of ph on the rate of the reaction catalysed by the enzyme amylase
By using iodine solution. Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch to maltose. If starch is present, the iodine solution will change from orange to a black. Measure the time taken for amylase to completely break down starch, by withdrawing samples(mixture of 1st PH buffer, 2nd Amylase solution 3rd Starch) at 10 second intervals and noting the time at which the solution no longer gives a blue-black colour with iodine solution
Describe the process of investigating effect of ph on the enzyme amylase
- Drop of iodine into each well of spotting tile
- Three Test tubes Ph Buffer, Amylase, Starch all measured at 2 cm3 placed in water bath at 30 c
- Combine solutions in a test tube mix with mixing rod and return to water bath starting stopwatch
- After 30 sec transfer 1 drop of the solution to a well of iodine, do this to a new well every 30 sec until the iodine does not change colour and remains orange.
when the iodine remains orange this tells us that starch is no longer present and the reaction is complete. - record the time for the reaction and repeat the experiment again using a buffer solution at a different ph
How do you calculate the rate of a reaction
Rate = 1000/time.
Example time taken for amylase to break down was 90 seconds. so the Rate = 1000/ 90 = 11 s-1
Always s-1 since rate is a unit of time.
What is used to control the ph level of the enzyme and starch mixture
Buffer solution
Where is Amylase made
Made in the Salivary Glands, Pancreas and small intestine and works in the Mouth and Small Intestine
AMALYSE =S/G Ps Ms
Where are Proteases made
Made in the Stomach, Pancreas and Small Intestine and works in the Stomach and Small intestine
PROTEASE = SPs Ss
Where are Lipases made
Made in the Pancreas and Small Intestine and work in the Small Intestine
LIPASE = Ps s
Describe how bile produces the ideal conditions for enzymes in the small intestine
Bile is an alkaline so it neutralises the stomach acid making the ideal conditions for the enzymes to work in
Where is Bile made
Bile is made in the liver stored in gall bladder and works in the small intestine
Name the reagent used to test for reducing sugars in a food test
Benedicts solution
Describe the colour change which would occur in the iodine test if starch is present in a food sample
Colour will change from a orange to a dark blue-black colour if starch is present
What substance is used to show the presence of protein in a food
Biuret - If Protein is present the sample will go from a blue colour to purple colour
A student has a piece of food and wants to know if it contains lipids. Outline the test he could carry out.
Grind food using pestle and mortar and mix with water in a beaker. Stir the mixture using a glass rod and filter to remove any solids. 5cm3 of solution should be poured in to a test tube adding 3 drops of Sudan lll using a pipette. Gently shake the test tube. If Lipids are present in the food, the mixture will separate into 2 layers with the top being bright red.
What substance is used to find the presence of lipids in a sample
Sudan lll
