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Biology Aqa Science > Cell Structure Topic 1a > Flashcards

Cell Structure Topic 1a Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Complex cell including animal plant and fungi

- Contains membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic cells are small simple cells e.g Bacteria

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3
Q

Name the subcellular structures that make up an animal cell

A

Nucleus - Contains DNA that controls the cell activity

Cytoplasm - gel like substance where chemical reactions take place

Cell membrane - semi permiable membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell

Mitochondria - responsible for energy production through aerobic respiration

Ribosomes - responsible for Protein synthesis

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4
Q

Name three things a plant cell usually has that an animal cell dosent

A

Cell wall - rigid structure made of cellulose that is responsible for the structure of the cell

Vacuole - Contains cell sap (Sugar and salt solution)

Chloroplasts - responsible for photosynthesis the process which makes food for the plant. Contains chlorophyll a green substance which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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5
Q

What sub cellular structures does a bacterial cell contain

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Plasmid - small ring of DNA
Circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm
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6
Q

What is a specialised cell

A

A specialised cell is a cell that has differentiated in order to perform a specific function

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7
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its specific job

TIP In most animal cells the ability to differentiate is lost after the cell has become differentiated, whereas most plants cells never lose this ability

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8
Q

What is an undifferentiated cell

A

Undifferentiated cells are stem cells and have the ability to differentiate into types of cell or simply replicate to produce more undifferentiated cells

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9
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell

A

The function of the sperm cell it to get the male DNA to the female DNA.
It is specialised for reproduction
- streamlined head
- lots of Mitochondria to provide the cell the energy to swim
- long tail for locomotion
- digestive enzymes to digest the cell membrane of the female egg

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10
Q

What is the function of the nerve cell

A

To carry electronic signal around the body
They are specialised for rapid signaling
- long to cover more distance
- Have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network through the body

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11
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell

A

The function of the muscle cell is to contract quickly. It is specialised for contraction.

  • long in shape so they have space to contract
  • contain lots of Mitochondria in order to produce the energy needed for contraction
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12
Q

What are root hair cells

A

Cells on the surface of plant roots that are specialised for absorbing water and minerals

  • long hairs that stick out into the soil
  • give the plant a bigger surface area for absorbing water, minerals and ions from the soil
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13
Q

Give one place where stem cells can be found in adult humans

A

Human bone marrow. These type of stem cells are already differentiated and can only turn into to certain types of cell such as blood cells

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14
Q

What use can be given for embryonic stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells can be used to replace faulty cells in sick people

  • Replace damaged nerve cells in people who are paralysed
  • create new insulin producing cells to replace faulty cells in people who have diabetes
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15
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

Therapeutic cloning is a type of cloning where embryos are made to have the same genetic information as the patient.

Advantages
- stem cells have the same genetic make up as the patient so they would not be rejected by the body if used to replace faulty cells

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16
Q

What are the issues regarding the use of embryonic stem cells in medcine

A

Some people feel human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments as each embryo still has the potential for life and obtaining stem cells from an embryo destroys the embryo

17
Q

What are red blood cells

A

Red blood cells

  • transport oxeygen around the body
  • They have a bioconcave shape to give them a large surface area for absorbing oxeygen
  • contain haemoglobin a red pigment which carries oxygen
  • do not have a nucleus allowing more room for haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen
18
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

Chromosomes are made of long lengths of DNA coild up to form the arms of the chromosome

19
Q

Where in a cell are chromosomes found

A

Chromosomes are found in the cell nucleus

20
Q

What are genes

A

Units of hereditary information that control our characteristics

21
Q

What is mitosis

A

Mytosis is the process in which a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form 2 identical cells

22
Q

Give two uses for mitosis in animals

A

Growth and replication of damaged cells

23
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A
  • Chromosomes line up across the cenre of a cell and are pulled apart by cell fibres. Two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell
  • membranes for around each of the sets of chromosomes the nucleus has divided
  • the Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide and two new daughter cells are produced, they are identical
24
Q

What is binary fission explain what happens during this process

A

Binary fission is the process by which bacteria replicate

  • circular strands of DNA and plasmids replicate
  • DNA strands move to opposite ends of the cell (opposite poles)
  • Cytoplasm begins to divide and a new cell wal begins to form
  • Cytoplasm divides and 2 new daughter cells are formed. Each daughter cell has one copy of DNA but can vary in the number of copies of plasmids
25
Q

How quickly can bacteria divide given the right conditiins

A

Every 20minutes

Warm environment with lots of nutrients

26
Q

What is a culture medium

A

A culture medium is a place where bacteria is grown and contains carbohydrates vitamins and minerals needed for bacteria to grow

27
Q

Give two kinds of culture medium

A
  • Solid ager jelly in a petri dish

- nutrient broth

28
Q

In a lab at school what temperature are cultures of microorganisms kept at and why

A

25°c and below

Harmful pathogens are likely to grow at above 25°c

29
Q

How would you investigate the effects of antibiotics on bacterial growth

A
  • place paper plates soaked in different antibiotic solutions on an ager plate with an even spread of bacteria
  • the antibiotic solution will diffuse into the ager jelly. Antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow but the non resistant strains will die
  • a clear area will be left around the bacteria where the bacteria has died (INHIBITION ZONE)
30
Q

What is the formula for calculating the area of inhibition zone

A

Area = 3.14 x radius squared

Example the diameter (distance across) of a inhibition zone is measured at 14mm
To find the radius ÷ by 2
14mm ÷ 2 = 7mm
3.1 x 7squared = 154mm squared

31
Q

What is the purpose of a control disc

A

It shows that the lack of growth around the antibiotics disc is due to the antibiotics and not something else

32
Q

How do you convert millimetre to micrometre

A

X1000

33
Q

How do you find the real size of an object

A

Real size = image ÷ magnification

34
Q

Name and explain the different phases of mitosis IPMAT(C)

A

Interphase - period of growth in which DNA synthesises (squiggly DNA in first diagram decondensed)
Prophase - chromatin condenses into chromosomes (x shape chromesomes in diagram)
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and mitotic spindles attach to them
Anaphase - Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell
Telephase - two new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to decondense
Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm divides to form two new daughter cells (CONTAINING SQUIGGLY DNA DECONDENSED)

35
Q

What is a gene

A

A unit of heredetery information

36
Q

What is DNA

A

Long chained double stranded molecule

37
Q

What is a nucliatide

A

It is a complete unit of phosphate sugar and base pair

38
Q

What are the base pairs

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

39
Q

Describe the process of therapeutic cloning

A

a body cell is removed from a patient and an egg cell is taken from a donor
the nucleus is removed from the (donor) egg cell and discarded
the nucleus is taken from the patient’s cell
the nucleus is transferred to the donor cell
the resulting embryo is stimulated to divide
the embryo is cultured for 4-5 days
stem cells can then be removed and cultured

Biology Aqa Science (15 decks)

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