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A Level Biology > Topic 5A - Photosynthesis And Respiration > Flashcards

Topic 5A - Photosynthesis And Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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2
Q

Where do the light-dependant and light-independant reactions occur in plants

A

Light-dependant - in thylakoid of chloroplast

Light-independant - in the stroma of chloroplasts

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3
Q

Explain the role of light in photoionisation

A

Chlorophyll molecules absorb energy from photons of light
This ‘excites’ 2 electrons, causing them to be released from the chlorophyll.

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4
Q

Name the 2 main stages involved in ATP production in the light dependant reaction.

A
  1. Electron transfer chain
  2. Chemiosmosis
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5
Q

What happens in the ETC

A

Electrons released from chlorophyll move down a series of carrier proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane and undergo a series of redox reactions which releases energy

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6
Q

How is a proton concentration gradient established during chemiosmosis

A

Some energy released from the ETC is coupled to the active transport of H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space

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7
Q

How does chemiosmosis produce ATP in the light dependant stage

A

H+ ions move down the concentration gradient from thylakoid membrane into the stroma via the channel protein ATP synthase.
ATP synthase catalyses ADP + Pi -> ATP.

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8
Q

Explain the role of light in photolysis

A

Light splits water

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9
Q

What happens to the products of the photolysis of water

A

H+ ions (move out of thylakoid space via ATP synthase) are used to reduce the coenzyme NADP
e- - replace lost electrons (from chlorophyll)
02 - used for respiration or diffuses out of leaf as waste gas.

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10
Q

Where do H+ ions and electrons used to reduce NADP come from

A

H+ ions - photolysis of water
Electrons - NADP acts as final electron acceptor of the ETC

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11
Q

Name the 3 main stages of the Calvin cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration
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12
Q

What happens during carbon fixation

A

Reaction between CO2 and RuBP catalysed by rubisco
Forms unstable 6c intermediate that breaks down into 2 GP.

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13
Q

What happens during reduction

A

2 x GP reduced to 2 x TP
Requires 2 x reduced NADP and 2 x ATP
Forms 2 x NADP and 2 x ADP

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14
Q

What happens during regeneration

A

After 1C leaves the cycle, the 5C compound RuBP forms
RuBP is regenerated from RuP using 1 ATP
Forms 1 x ADP

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15
Q

STATE THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS IN RuBP, GP AND TP.

A

RuBP - 5
GP - 3
TP - 3

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16
Q

Name 4 environmental factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
CO2 concentration
Temperature
Mineral/magnesium levels

17
Q

State common agricultural practices used to overcome the effect of limiting factors in photosynthesis

A
  • artificial light
  • artificial heating
  • addition of CO2 to greenhouse atmosphere
18
Q

Why do farmers try to overcome the effect of limiting factors

A

Increase yield
Lower cost
Reduce time for crops to grow

19
Q

State the purpose and principle of paper chromotography

A

Molecules in mixture are seperated based on their relative attraction to the mobile phase vs the stationary phase

20
Q

Outline a method for extracting photosynthetic pigments

A

Use a pestle and mortar to grind a leaf with an extraction solvent

21
Q

Name the 4 main stages in aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Kerbs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

22
Q

Where does each stage in aerobic respiration occur

A

1 - cytoplasm
2 - mitochondrial matrix
3 - mitochondrial matrix
4 - membrane of cristae

23
Q

What are the stages of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate by 2 x ATP
Glucose phosphate splits into 2 x TP
2 x TP is oxidised to 2 x pyruvate
Net gain of 2 x NADH, 2 x ATP, and 2 pyruvate

24
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria

A

Via active transport

25
Q

What happens during the link reaction

A

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetate
Decarboxylation and reduction occurs to form acetate
Acetate combines with coenzyme a to form acetyl CoA

26
Q

What happens in the kerbs cycle

A

Series of redox reaction produces:
ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Reduced coenzymes
CO2 from decarboxylation

27
Q

What is the ETC

A

Series of carrier proteins embedded in the membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria
Produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration

28
Q

What happens in the ETC

A

Electrons released from NADH & FADH undergo redox reactions
The energy released is coupled to maintain proton gradient or released as heat
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor

29
Q

How is a proton concentration gradient established during chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration

A

Some energy released from the ETC is coupled to the active transport of H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space

30
Q

How does chemiosmosis produce ATP during aerobic respiration

A

H+ ions move down their concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthase
ATP synthase catalyses ADP + Pi = ATP

31
Q

State the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration

A

Final electron acceptor

32
Q

Name 2 molecules that can be used as an alternative respiratory substitute

A

Amino acids from proteins
Glycerol and fatty acids from lipids

33
Q

What stages produce ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

A

Glycolysis
Kerbs cycle

34
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Only glycolysis continues
Reduced NAD + pyruvate
=
Oxidised NAD + lactate
Pyruvate acts as hydrogen acceptor

35
Q

What happens to the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration

A

Transported to liver via blood stream where it is oxidised to pyruvate
Can enter link reaction in liver cells or be converted to glycogen

36
Q

What are the similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Both involve glycolysis
Both require NAD
Both produce ATP

A Level Biology (20 decks)

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