Topic 5.3 and 5.4 (Introduction to Therapeutic Devices)

Question 1

How do we treat Kidney failure?

Answer 1

we use artificial kidneys ( Hemodialysis machines ) to help the kidney to remove metabolic waste from patients blood

Question 2

What does the Hemodialysis comprise of?

Answer 2

It comprise of 2 compartments one side with blood and the other side with dialysate and also a semi permeable membrane

Question 3

Which side of the Hemodialysis machine should have lower concentration?

Answer 3

Dialysate side because it help to move and filter the blood through osmosis and diffusion

Question 4

Why is the flow of dialysate from top to bottom while blood flows from bottom to top? (Opposite)

Answer 4

It is to maintain the concentration gradient against the semi permeable membrane so that the dialysis is efficient

Question 5

Which side of the Hemodialysis machine should have higher pressure?

Answer 5

the blood side as it require a little bit more of pressure to induce the filtration to happen.
( Hydrostatic pressure )

Question 6

What are the 3 Basic Physical Process of Hemodialysis machine?

Answer 6

1) Osmosis : water flow through semi permeable membrane to more concentrated side

2) Diffusion: solutes move from high to low side through semi permeable membrane

3) Ultra filtration: need a bit of hydrostatic pressure to induce filtering like filter paper

Question 7

What does the dialysate contain that helps filtering?

Answer 7

The dialysate contains lower concentrations of undesired solutes like potassium, calcium and urea which are high in the blood so that these solute can diffuse to the dialysate

Question 8

How do we increase the speed of the hemodialysis machine?

Answer 8

we can change the concentration of various substances in the dialysate so that the desire speed of exchange is attained

Question 9

What are the 3 main purpose of electronics in hemodialysis machine?

Answer 9

1) Detecting leaks in membrane

2) Ensuring the correct concentration of electrolytes in dialysate

3) Prevent air bubble that maybe life threatening

Question 10

what are the 3 types of sensor use for the 3 main purpose of electronics in hemodialysis machine?

Answer 10

1) Colorimetric to detect change in color of dialysate as it is colorless

2) Measure conductivity of dialysate by using test

3) Use air bubble detector

Question 11

What is the typical temperature the dialyzer is kept at and why?

Answer 11

40 degrees Celsius to prevent thermal shock

Question 12

What is Peritoneal dialysis used for?

Answer 12

Ambulatory use ( use at home and portable )

Question 13

How does Peritoneal dialysis work?

Answer 13

The dialysate is pump into the peritoneal cavity of the person and left to slosh about. the thin membrane of the internal organ will allow for exchange of molecules between the Dialysate and capillaries and it is than drained out after some time.

Question 14

What is a Ventilator?

Answer 14

It is a machine used to assist breathing for patients facing reduced breathing or respiratory failure

Question 15

What are the 3 parts of mechanical ventilator?
(Ambu Bag)

Answer 15

1) Mask ( fitted to patients mouth )
2) Breathing valve ( conduct oxygen to patient and conduct expired air away )
3) Self-filling bag ( function as pump to fill with air and oxygen )

Question 16

What are Machine ventilators used for?

Answer 16

it is used when prolonged artificial ventilation is needed. example during anaesthesia to replicated natural respiration as close as possible

Question 17

What are the 2 types of Machine ventilators?

Answer 17

1) Negative Pressure
2) Positive Pressure

Question 18

How does negative pressure ventilators work?

Answer 18

it created negative pressure around the patients thoracic cage, reducing the pressure inside the lungs vs atmosphere hence air goes into lungs

Question 19

Why is Negative pressure ventilators not popular?

Answer 19

It is very difficult to move and access the patient for critical care and it also has some engineering problems

Question 20

How does Positive Pressure Ventilator work?

Answer 20

During Inspiration the exhalation system close the outlet to the atmospheric pressure and the inspiratory flow delivery system creates an internal pressure greater than the atmosphere in the airway circuit and during exhalation the IFDS stop increasing pressure and the Exhalation control system opens outlet for atmospheric pressure to be part of the airway circuit

Question 21

What are the 2 modes of Positive Pressure Ventilator?

Answer 21

1) Mandatory Mode
2) Spontaneous Mode

Question 22

What is Mandatory Mode?

Answer 22

Ventilator control all the parameters of breathing because patient cannot breath on their own

Question 23

What is Spontaneous Mode?

Answer 23

Ventilator respond to patient’s effort to breath and compensate accordingly. used for recovering patient who have some breathing ability