Topic 3 (Introduction to Patient Monitoring System)

Question 1

What is the purpose of patient monitoring?

Answer 1

To have a quantitative assessment of the patients important physiological variables during critical conditions of his biological functions

Question 2

What are the 6 patient monitoring variables?

Answer 2

1) Body Temperature
2) Heart Rate
3) Blood Pressure
4) Respiration Rate
5) Oxygen Saturation
6) ECG

Question 3

What is the normal core temperature range?

Answer 3

36.5 Degree Celsius to 37.5 Degree Celsius

Question 4

Will Body temperature increase when waking up?

Answer 4

Yes by 0.5 Degree Celsius

Question 5

Does Anesthesia lower body temperature?

Answer 5

Yes by 1 Degree Celcius

Question 6

Does Anesthesia lower body temperature?

Answer 6

Yes by 1 Degree Celsius

Question 7

What are the 4 modes of body heat loss?

Answer 7

1) Radiation
2) Convection and conduction of air
3) Evaporation of sweat
4) Evaporation of water through breathing

Question 8

What are the 4 Temperature Measurement Methods?

Answer 8

1) Invasive or Non- Invasive
2) Contact or Non Contact
3) Direct or Indirect
(Direct means convert temp to elec, Indirect mean us curve or algorithm)
4) 1-D and n-D

Question 9

Heart rate measurement can come from which 2 type of reading?

Answer 9

1) ECG reading
2) Pulse rate reading

Question 10

What is the typical range of heart rate measurement?

Answer 10

0-250 beats/min

Question 11

What is the normal heart rate range?

Answer 11

60-100 BPM

Question 12

What is Blood Pressure?

Answer 12

It is the force of the body’s blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessel

Question 13

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 13

it is the pressure when your heart contracts

Question 14

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 14

it is the pressure when your heart rest between beats

Question 15

What is a Healthy BP reading?

Answer 15

120/80 mmHg or lower

Question 16

Can Diastolic BP change with age?

Answer 16

Yes when you get old there might be some stiffening of arteries which cause higher Diastolic BP

Question 17

What are the 3 Indirect Methods to measure BP

Answer 17

1) Auscultatory ( Using Sound )
2) Oscillometric ( Using Vibration )
3) Ultrasonic ( Using waves )

Question 18

What are the 2 Direct Methods to Measure BP?

Answer 18

1) Extravascular Sensor ( Sensor outside of body )
2) Intravascular Sensor ( Sensor inside body usually tip of needle )

Question 19

What is Respiration Rate?

Answer 19

It is the number of breaths a person takes in a minute usually at rest

Question 20

What is the Normal range for Respiration Rate?

Answer 20

12 - 25 Breaths per minute

Question 21

What is the 5 Measurement Methods for Respiration Rate?

Answer 21

1) Displacement Method
2) Thermistor Method
3) Impedance Pneumography
4) CO2 Method
5) Apnea Detectors

Question 22

What is Oxygen Saturation?

Answer 22

it is the measurement of how much oxygen is bounded to your blood

Question 23

When/why do we need to know the level of blood oxygen saturation? (5)

Answer 23

1) During or after Surgery or procedures that uses sedation

2) To see how well lung medicines are working

3) To Check a person’s ability to handle increase activity levels

4) To see if ventilator is needed to help to breath

5) To check if there are moments when breathing stop during sleep

Question 24

How do we measure Oxygen Saturation? (3)

Answer 24

1) Pulse Oximetry ( Main )
2) skin reflectance oximeter
3) intravascular oximeter

Question 25

What does P wave represent?

Answer 25

Contraction/Depolarization of the atria

Question 26

What does the QRS Complex represent?

Answer 26

Contraction/Depolarization of the Ventricles

Question 27

What Does the T wave Represent?

Answer 27

The Relaxation/Repolarization of the Ventricles

Question 28

How does Second Degree block look like?

Answer 28

50% of P wave no QRS and 50% of P wave got QRS

Question 29

How does Atrial fibrillation look like?

Answer 29

got no clear p wave and QRS got more QRS wave

Question 30

What Does Ventricular Tachycardia look like?

Answer 30

The during the S phase of QRS it will have a very big dip down

Question 31

What Does Ventricular fibrillation look like?

Answer 31

Just look like noise no clear wave

Question 32

What Does Third-Degree Block look like?

Answer 32

Look like flat line but sometimes got small signal

Question 33

How many Electrodes are there in ECG?

Answer 33

10 Electrodes
6 Chest electrodes
4 Limb electrodes

Question 34

What are the 6 Frontal leads?

Answer 34

1) I
2) II
3) III
4) aVR ( augmented unipolar vector right leg )
5) aVL ( augmented unipolar vector left leg )
6) aVF ( augmented unipolar vector foot )

Question 35

What are the 6 Transverse leads?

Answer 35

1) V1
2) V2
3) V3
4) V4
5) V5
6) V6

Question 36

How many of the 12 leads are bi polar and what are they?

Answer 36

3 leads
1) I Lead
2) II Lead
3) III Lead
Because no fix reference

Question 37

Lead I, 2 electrodes start from where and end at where?

Answer 37

Starts From Left Arm (+) ends at Right arm (-)

Question 38

Lead II, 2 electrodes start from where and end at where?

Answer 38

Start from Left Leg (+) to Right Arm (-)

Question 39

Lead III, 2 electrodes start from where and end at where?

Answer 39

start from Left Leg (+) to Left Arm (-)

Question 40

What is Eindhoven’s Triangle?

Answer 40

it is the vectors of leads I, II, and III where I-II +III = 0
( Basically KVL )

Question 41

What are 3 Common Artefacts in a ECG?

Answer 41

1) Powerline interference
2) Baseline drifts
3) Muscle Tremors

Question 42

What is the 2 ways to eliminate the 3 common artefacts in ECG?

Answer 42

1) Provide good noise rejection circuitry, shielding and earthing
2) ensure patient is relaxed so not muscle muscle movement occurs