Topic 5 - UK's Human Environment Flashcards
Differences between urban and rural
Urban:
high population density (London,Glasgow)
Influences creation of conurbations (surroudning areas that also have developed (Liverpool))
Lots of economic activity (60% of jobs found there)
Tertiary and manufactruign jobs common
Better QOL
Hold a younger population of national migrants (diverse)
Rurals areas:
low population / sparsley populated (North Scotland)
Fewer job opportunities (primary industry -fishing,famring)
Commuter settlements and have seasonal tourism
Consist of older people (not as diverse)
How has the UK and EU government policies help reduce urban areas - enterprise zones, transport/infratsructure and regional development
Creation of enterprise zones:
55 zones created across England,Scotland and Wales
These offer companies a range of benefits if they built on an enterprise zone (reduced tax,simpler planning rules, improved infrastructure (fast broadband) - this is done to encourage employment in rual areas and develop the area
This is seen in Dorest Green enterprise zone (two new tech companies have situated there (hope to attract 55 more businesses)
Transport and infratsructure:
HS2 rail line to link London,Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester - this reduces time to commute and improves QOL, reduces congestion and overall supports industry and jobs (access to opportunities)
Lanccashire has built a new road to link the port of Heysham to the M6 - creates more job opportunities
Regional development:
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) prmotes growth in poor region by investing in small high-tech companies, providing training to improve local skills and fund infrastructure (e.g the company Gravitas moved to Cornwall - this creates job oppotunities and attracts younger population to move there)
Rural dveelopment boosted through Sustainable Farming Incentive. A government scheme to provide funding for farmers to improve food production and sustainability wnd reward them for doing so
What was migration like during the 1900’s
Why national and international migration over the past 50 years has altered UK population
Half the UK has increased naturally and the other half increased due to migrants
Between 1970-82 more people left the UK then moved inside. However, net migration has been increasing from 1983 onwards.
How migration has affected distribution:
Young migrants and most international migrants move to major cities e.g London for opportunities
Lots of counter-urbanisation result in older people to move coastally to retire creating space for young migrants seeking opportunities
How has migration affected age structure:
Large number of young migranst result in an increase of people aged 20-29.
Migration affects age structure as most migrants are child bearing ( make up 13% but account for 26% of babies born)
How has the UK and EU immigration policy contribute to ethnic and cultural diversity
UK encouraged immigration from commonwealth after Second world war from colonised countries e.g India, Caribbean to fill workforce
Later entry was restricted as work permits were required for migrants with skills (highs kill migrants left to London)
This results in a 10% Caribbean and Asian ethnicity
Since 1995 EU allowed free movement of people to the UK from Europe many people from other countries moved to England for work- Polish poeple are one of the largest non-UK born work force
Immigration has resulted in a great diversity in culture within England.
Why has the decline in primary and secondary sectors and rise of tertiary and quaternary sectors in urban and rural areas alter the economy and employment in contrasting regions (London and Burnley)
Since 1960 primary sector jobs have decreased as farming has become more automated. Additionally, mining has declined due to cheap competition abroad.
Employment in the service sector increased as 2.9 million have disposable income (London houses global financial institutions)
Quaternary sectors (Research and development) are increasing and msking use of the UK’s skilled universities.
Burnely a town in Lancanshire had a thriving economy based on textiles. However, from 1914 the textile industry collpaed due to cheap imports. As a result many primary and secondary sector dedlined and many jobs were closed during the 1990-2000. As a result Burnley has struggled economically (employment rate of 65%) /wages below Uk average. However, the existence of manufacturing skills and the low cost has attracted aerospace firms (still important for manufacturing)
Why globalisation, free trade policies and privatization has increased FDI
Explain how TNCs in the UK has increased the economy
Globalisation:
Transport and communciation links improve making it easier for countries to communicate and operate.
London has developed a global financial centen (houses many global banks) - business and networking opportunities created.
Privatisation:
Services ran by the Uk governement given to private firms. This increases FDI as foreign forms can buy them and merge with existing businesses (many UK electric companies owned by foreign companies - Scottish power owned by a Spanish energy company)
Free trade policies:
Reduce import and export restrictions, easy to trade with the UK.
EU promotes free trade and companies were able to move good and services freely between the UK and their home countru (increased FDI). However , England has left the EU.
TNC:
Many jobs created US company is investing in a resort in Derbyshire creating 1000 of jobs.
Large scale projects can be built that the Uk government can’t pay e.g £15 billion spent on UK infrastructure
TNCs lead to development in business pravtices which is used by firms to increase productivity
However it can also lead to down sides such as TNCS may relocate or change suppliers (farmers in the UK reliant on two major TNC for produce) , local business struggle to compeet against big TNC’s e.g Stabucks. Lastly , Uk may overely on TNC during economic recessions e.g Nissan factory Sunderland 2019
Significance of England site, situation and connectivity in a national, regional and global context
Site:
An Island next to the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Situation:
Close proximity to mainland Europe
Close proximity to Ireland,Scotland and Wales.
Different city structures and how they vary
CBD- Ciry of London / commercial / high rise office blocks, historical buildings, high density, small green spaces
Inner city -Newham / low-class residential /high density , old-terraced buildings , modern apartments, poor air quality , some green space
Inner city- Richmond / high-class residential / low density, modern de-attached buildings, good air quality , moderate level of green space
Suburbs- Surbiton and Kingston / Middle class residential / good quality semi-detached housing, shops , resturants and shops, houses have gardens.
RUF-Crockenhill-high class residential / large detached and semi detached house with garden , open space
Thurrock-industrial / oil refineries, manufacturing, container port and retail park , lots of green space , good air quality
Causes of national and international migration that influence growth and character to different parts of the city
Population of London is growing- net migration in London 2014 was a hundred thousand people / young migrants move to the Uk for work or study / young population result in more births / many people migrate in and out of the inner city within the service sector /migrants tend to move to the suburbs later in life.
Migration has caused:
Age structure of peopel aged 25-34 to increase in the inner city and a lower proportion of those 65 in London.
Diverse ethnic background within London over 200 languages spoken
Ethnic diversity in Newham is 52 whereas in Richmond it is 19.6%
In the inner city where immigration rates are high , there is an increasing demand for servcies (edcuation /healthcare)
Reasons for different levels of inequality in different parts of the city
Services:
Rapid population growth and high turnover of people put pressure on services (health and education). Funding is also harder in deprived areas (gain less money)
Education:
Best state schools are oversubscribedd and difficult to get entry. Many people from poor fsmilies are sent to under-performing state schools. This leads to a cycle of poverty where a lack od education leads to lack of opportunities and employemnt/income.
Employment:
Fewer manufactruing jobs in the inner city. Additionally , new industries are placed more rual. As a result more than 25% of London’d population lives in poverty, due to unemployment and low wages.
Unhealthy lifestyles:
Drinking,smoking, poor diet are common in deprived areas. As a result life expectancy within the deprived areas are lower than other areas. Additionall, healthcare is free. However, the NhS are overwhelmed and poor people can’t afford private healthcare.
How parts of the city have experienced decline, decentralisation, e-commerce and development in transport
Decline of docks and and manufacturing industries lead to industries in London’s East End into mass unemployment -20% of jobs were lost in 1966-1976.
De-industrialisation and unemployment lead to many families moving away. Further depopulation of the inner city was caused by suburbanisation, thr building of satellite towns (Milton Keynes)
As people left buildings it was normally left derelict. This also caused local services to decrease in profit.
De-centralisation causes further decline as shops can’t pay for high rent and compete with large TNCS. They are forced to move to cheaper land e.g North London business park.
Growth of e-commerce has threatened high street shops. As a result some move rurally to the edge of coties to distribute goods to online shoppers. Most have closed down.
How parts of the city have experienced economic and population growth
Finanical and business services and TNC investment:
Growth of finance and business service is revitalising the CBD. London global cnetre for finance,insurance and law.
Many TNC operate sales/marketing departments and headquarters within London due to its financial significance e.g HSBC/Shell
Gentrification and studentificstion:
Islington has been gentrified- ran down areas have been improved to cater for the wealthy
Camden has been studentified - high student population has led to thriving service and entertainment venues , generating jobs and wealth
Urban sprawl:
Large shopping centre (Blue water) placed on the edge of the city - more space /cheaper land.
Industrial areas also placed on the outskirts of London.
Leisure and culture:
London hosted 2012 Olympic games most investment took place within the East End. Nee transport link, modern housing and athletes village , stadium and many jobs have been created.
Define rebranding
Define regeneration
How has regeneration and rebranding of a city (Stratford) result in positive and negative impacts on people
Rebranding-improving an areas image so people want to go there. It usually involves regeneration to improve the area and marketing to inprove its reputation.
Regeneration- long term upgrading of an existing area to bring social and economic change
Positive:
Stratford river Lea Valley one of the most polluted rivers in the world restored now has thriving wildlife.
New park created Queen Elizabeth Olympic park
Stratford is well connected e.g Docklands Light Railway and Jubilee line
12,000 jobs created
280 hectares of brown field land regenerated into housing and commerical
Nine different public transport
Negatives:
Since 2012 newham recorded as largest property price rise of any London borough around East village emerged as a buy to let spot
Old communties forced to leave
Rental costs shot up with combination of rising rents
Strategies aimed at making urban living more sustainable and improving quality of life in the city
Employment- increaisng employment opportunites reduce poverty and improves economic stability. The London living wage encourages businesses to pay a fair wage that take cost of loving into account. Skill programmes e.g En-route suppprts people to gain higher paying jobs.
Recycling- more recyling = fewer resources used e.g household recycling boxes are recyled along with larger items e.g fridges. However only 33% of rubbish is recyled the lowest in England.
Green space- holde many benefist for the public. London is 40% green soace e.g Hyde park.
Transport- congestion charges discourage driving during peak time (air,noie and sight pollution reduced)
Self-serving bicycles make it easier and safer for people to cycle
Electric buses and zero emmision taxis help reduce emissions.
Housing- BedZED development large scale sustainable communitye within London. The houses have energy efficent applainces, insulated,built with locsl resources ad have subsidised rents (affordable).
The city and accessible rural areas are interdependent which leads to benefits and costs for example:
Benefits- businesses in rural areas increase in business as residents have more disposable income.
Some farmers have made more money selling land/building or diversifying their business.
Traditional Kentish houses have been renovated and improved / less pressure on housing in London
Costs:
Villages will become commuter settlements. This leaves many houses to be empty and shops and services to close due to to redcued demand.
New housing estates built on open countryside e.g Dunton Green (affects habitats)
Commouters drive to Sevenoaks to catch the train to London. As a result air pooluting increases due to congestion.
