Topic 2 - Development Dynamics Flashcards
Defintion of ways of defining wealth (GDP , GDP per capita , GNI)
GDP: total value of goods and services a country produced in a year
GDP per capita: GDP divided by population of country
GNI: Total value of goods and services in a yea , including income overseas
Definitions of ways of defining QOL (Birth rate , death rate , fertility rate , infant mortality rate , maternal mortality rate , doctor per 1000 pop)
Birth rate- number of babies born per thousand of pop in past year
Death rate-Deaths per 1000 of pop in past year
Fertlity rate- average births per women
Infant mortality rate-Number of babies born whndie under 1 per thousand
Maternal mortality rate- women who die to preganancy per 1000 of pop
Doctors per 1000- doctors per 1000 of pop
Ways of measuring inequality (gini coefficient , gender inequality index , HDI , CPI)
Gini coefficient- Measure of economic inequality - 0 to 1
Gender inequality index- Score calcuated on womens rights (acces to seducation etc)
Human development index - value determined on QOL between 0-1
Corruption perception index- level of corruption between 1-100
Demographic data in developed countries (fertility , death , pop structure , maternal and infant mortality rate)
fertlity rate: low since people want possessions and high quality of life may have dependent elderly relatives
death rate: low death rate sinxe healthcare is good
pop structure: Narrow base and top and wide middle since old people move and people don’t want kids
maternal mortslity rate: people don’t want children and high medical care
infanty mortality rate: people don’t wanr kids and high medical care
Demographic data in developing countries (fertility , death , pop structure , maternal and infant mortality rate)
fertility rate: high fertlity and birth rate due to no use of contraceptives- poor medical care-more childre
death rate: high due to poor medical care
pop structure: wide base due to many people having children and it decreases going up due to poor medical care
maternal mortality rate: Poor medical care = greater rate
infant mortality rate: poor medical care = greater rate
Demographic data in developing countries (fertility , death , pop structure , maternal and infant mortality rate)
fertility fate: fertility rate sfall as women gain more opportunities and education
death rate: greater quality of medication = less deaths
Pop structure: Wide base and gets narrower as age increases as people get more chidkren and healthcare is better
maternal mortality rate: Medical care quality increasing less deaths
Infant mortality rate: medical care quality increases = less deaths
What factors can affect a countries development and how
Climate: Poor dlimate = malnutrition (low QOL) = less money from agriculture
Topography= steep land = less agricukture and more complex infratsructure
Edcuation: greater educstion = more higher quality jobs = more money spending on development
Colonism: countries that were colonised have a lower stage of development as countries took advantage of the natural resources and people
Health: greater spread of diseases = less people available for work and eath = lower QOL
Neo-colonialism: TNCs exploit cheap laboir and materials of the countr , international organisations offer conditional loans ro develop countries how they want
Econ and politic: corrupt governemnt can hinder development
Countries sith good relations arenlikely ro tet trade agreements and thrive
How do Rostows modernisation theory be used to explain how and why countries developped
Rostows modernisation theory: countries rely on primary industries through secondary industries to tertiary and then quaternary
Stage 1 traditional society- subsistence farming , fishing, forestry.
Stage 2 pre-conditon take-off- Manufacturing starts to develop and infrastructure is buikt e.g roads , power networks. Internationa, trading begins.
Stage 3 take-off- Rapid , intensive growth. Large-scale industrilisation.
Stage 4 drive to maturity- Economy grows, more tech and QOL
Stage 5 mass consumption- Lots of trade, goods are produced, people are wealthy
How do Franks Dependancy model be used to explain how and why countries developped
Franks dependency model : shows how countries or more developed then others
1) Poor countries reliant on more developed countries
2) Colonioal period started neo-colonialism where rich countries use trading systems to take advanatge of countries raw materials and people
3) Poor countries sell cheap crops to rich countries= need to import manufactured goods at a higher cost from richer countries this traps them in poverty. Additionally, by using loans and interfering in politics
4) Poor countries remain dependant on richer countries. Countries won’t develop above.
How do global inequalities create social , environemental and politcal consequences
Social: poorer countries can’t afford investment in services e.g education or heslth resulting in s lower QOL and less prominent furture for the young
Politics: inequalities can drive countries in a gretar rate of decline and civil wars/ wars may take place. Developing countries dependent on developed countries less influence
Environmental: Development results in a greater amount of resources ro be used threatening ecosystems.
Industrialisation is more common leading to pollution and waste may be dumped in landfill sites which is harmful to the ecosystem
Characteristics of top-down and bottom up strategies
Government or large organisations decide in investment
Used to support large scale projects to solve large scale problems and improve life for lots of people
Funding may be very expensive and may be funded by richer countries or though loans by workd banks
The projects are mainly high tech and energy intensive. Country will be dependent on the workers and tech for maintenance
How has countries benefitted from globalisation
TNCs (Transnational corporations) outsource in less developed countries through manufacturing which provide the local people with greater psying jobs (increases consumerism). Additionslly, it brings cultures from their country of origin to many different countries
Free trade- gov promote this e.g reduce tariffs on goods. Easier to move goods between countries.
Investment- less developed countries compete for TNC as it will bring jobs, increase incone from taxes and promote eco-growth
Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to development (NGO-led intermediate tech , IGO , investment by TNCs)
Ngo-led :
Advan - addresses needs / local and cheap material / labour intensive (jobs)
Disadv- small scale // inefficiency
IGO-led:
Advan - Afford large infrastructure / improved economy (long term) / improve QOL
Disadvan–expensive (money back) / support a select few / energy intensive and corruption
Intermediate tech:
Advan- supports local people / cheap and affordable
Disadvan- supports a select few / no gov support
TNC-
Advan- employment / tax income for host country
Disadvan- profits leave host country / TNCs move around people lest jobless
Site , situation and connectivity of India and significance in a national , regional and global context
Site- located in Asia above the Arabians ea
Situation- Arabian sea and 6 countries
Connecivity- next to the Arabian sea and 6 countries / largest port / 137 airports
Significance:
Nationally- Touris attraction (Taj Mahal) / Bolly wood largest film industry / birthplace of 4 religion
Regionally- Richest biodiversity / second largest population / 4 and 5th largest city
Globally- Largest port Mumbai / involvement in UN ,BRICS
Indias political , social , cultural and environemntal aspects which has aided it regional and global growth
Political: memeber of BRICKS, UN, strategy partner of EU in 2004
Social: better healthcare, greater quality in education , gender equality
Cultural: large movie business (Bollywood) , religion , tourist attraction
Environmental: Many people want to visit India to embrace the nature , India part of UN (sustainable development)
How has key economic trends e.g GDP, GNI, change of economic sectoes , import/export , origin of FDI shows Indias growth
Changes in economic sectors: India has increased rapidly into manufacturing and tertiary job sectors as urban sprawl increases through TNC’s
Outsourcing: Many TNC’s provide jobs for people resulting in them to gain more oay as disposbale income as tax - gov used for development
Import/export: Rise in Inda’s influence more open for trades with other countries (ASEAN)
FDI: Changes from India being recieved fdi for development to donating a greater smount of fdi to support other countries shows its significant development.
How has the role of globalisation (TNC/outsourcing , advances in tech) help in the development of the country as well as goverment policy ( multi-lateral aid , investment in education , pro- FDI policy)
Globalisation: TNC’s outsource India as a result more people gain better quality jobs and can spend more disposable income
Gov policy:
Multi lateral aid -high-income countries donate money through organisations such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Bank to fund for large projects
Investment in education: more people gain greater opportunities as a result more people are qualified to work in technical higher paying job roles
How has rapid economic change in India cause demographic change , urbanisation and change socio-economic characteristics
Demographic: Rapid economic development India’s population will begin to decline as more women gain opportunities -less need fr kids
Urbansiation: More people begin to live in the urban area - urban sprawl increases
Soci-economic: More qualified people = greater development in medicsl/education/services for people
Pros and cons of economic development and globalisatiom
Pros:
Better healthcare - low infant mortality /maternal
Better education- better jobs e.g ICT
Gender equality- women have more access ro educationx access to contraceptives
Cons:
Rapid growth causes dangerous working condiitons snd regulations
Fewer people in rural areas- as a result less teachers may be in rual areas - kids forced to work early
Gender equality- unsafe for women in urban areas - crimes aginst women increased in Dehli by 20% from 2014-15
Impacts of rapid economic development on the environment in India
Industrialisation- more energy consumed by India as it continues to develop / 7% of all greenhouse gases from India
Increased risk of having respiratory problems from the air pollution - 0.5 million deaths each year
Urban spawl = land and water pollution - lack of infrastructure leds to 70% of India’s sewage to flow untreated into water.
Impacts of rapid economic development on the geo-political influence with EU/USA and India
India and USA:
USA expects India to increase trade, employment, eco-growth between countries
India is a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy due to its growth
India and EU:
Good relationship ever since 2004
Eu is one of India’s biggets markets and trade partner
Costs and benfits of changing international relations and role of foreign investment in economic development of India
Costs: temsion between India and China -rapdily growing
Benefits: India can co-opearte with orher countries on global issues e.g FDI benefit orgigin country and India
Foreign investment effects:
TNC’s disrupt environmentx through pollution and focus on profit
Libelihood of Indian street vendors at threat from large global retail chains
Tncs can withdraw buisness at any time
