Topic 3 -urban Challenges

Question 1

Difference between past and present global trends in urbanisation

Question 2

How does urbanisation vary in global regions

Explain future projectipns of global urbanisation

Question 3

Explain global patterns of megacities and how some countries have disproportionate eco and political influence

Question 4

How does economic change and migration contribute to the growth/decline of cities in emerging , developing and developed countries

Question 5

Why are urban economies diffeenr in emerging , developed and developed countries ( formal/informal sectors , importance of eco sectors , conditions of work)

Question 6

How urban population numbers (distribution and spatial growth) change over time

Question 7

Characteristics of different land uses and the factors that influence land-use type

Question 8

Site , situation and connectivity of Lagos and significance in a national , regional and global context

Answer 8

Site: In Nigeria, next to the Gulf of Guinea

Situation: Next to the Lagos lagoon and 5 other countries

Connectivity: Many railway and road links throughout along with a port for sailing

Significance

National: Lagos where important for trade and its close proximity to other countries

Regional: Lagos able to utilise their port to trade with the landlocked countries surroudning it

Global: Lagos is the most important in Africa it is able to use it trade links and rapid economci growth to development trade and support nearby countries through aid

Question 9

The megacities structures and each of their function and age in Lagos

Answer 9

Lagos Island (CBD) - commerce and expensive residential - 1920

Mushin/Ikeja (inner city) - Mushin=residential Ikeji=transport and industralisation - 1960

Victoria island (suburb) - Newer houses and some commerce (office/shops) - 1990

Ojo (slums) - Squatter residential - last 50 years

Lekkin(RUF) - low density residential - developing

Question 10

Reasons for past and presenr trends in pop growth for Lagos

Answer 10

Past: Under British colonialism and was a centre for trade

Many ex slaves came to Lagos e.g from West Indies

Present:

Gain independnce - rapid eco devlopment - oil exportstion

The gov financed many projects to support development

Population increase occured resulting in more workers to be created in Lagos causing it to thrive due to greater quality of opportunities

Question 11

How pop growth has affected pattern of spatial growth , changing urban fuction and land use in Lagos

Answer 11

Spatial growth: Lagos is forced to expand outwards and increase their urban spawls. This is shoen through the new accomodation in the CBD and rural areas. Furthermore, through the attempt of removing the squatters settlements

Urban function: As population grows due to pulll factors more people sre flocking into Lagos to work. This can be done through

Land use:CBD is the business district (high density and major roads) as you expand out is slowly becoms more residential use for commuters (older)

Question 12

The opportunities present for people in Lagos

Answer 12

Opportunities:

Income 4 times higher - money earned through informal sectors - huge population therefore a a large market

Home to many bank, governememt depsrtments snd manufactruing industries - 2 major ports

Better access to education and medical healthcare along with electricity and irrigation

Question 13

Challenges caused by rapid pop growth in Lagos

Answer 13

Squatter settlements:

60% live in slums - illegally built - illegal use of electricity - high levels of crime (gangs)

Traffic congestion:
Little investment in transport - limited public transport - CBD is an island with only 3 bridges

Limited service provisions:

One primary school in Makoko - family can’t afford it - not enough healthcare

Water supply - only 40% city is connected to state water supply - risk of contamination - people forced to pay for more water

Question 14

What is the pattern of residential areas of extreme wealth contrasted by slums and reasons for difference in QOL

Answer 14

Rich: Better housing - gated communities e.g Banana island // live close proximity for commuting // Wealthy are able to run their oen poeer generators

Poor:
Aren’t able to afford housing as most are forced into slums after arriving from a rural area // electricity is not able and people are forced to steal or use other generators // lack of waste mangement = health risks

Question 15

Political and economic challanges of manging Lagos

Answer 15

Different development priorities e.g wealthy investment in Eko Atlantic to relieve pressure of existing CBD. However, thr poor in the sums need to be displaced snd offered better accomodation.

Government can introduce laws to regukate traffic but wealthy can ignore them and bribe police.

Wealthy elite are powerful- proposals to improve railways has stopped as an individual had a freight business in the city,

Question 16

Pros and cons of city-side government strategies to make Lagos more sustainable.

Answer 16

Pros:
Plan for a new treatment plants issued that is $2.5 billion in the meantime kiosks are placed which people can buy water from - than sellers

LAWMA work to improbe rubbish collection- done during the night - recylcing banks encouraged for use

Small electricsl generstors contribute to sir pollution -gov encourages use of a large communsl generator (PM 2.5)

Question 17

Pros and cons of community and NGO-led bottomxup strategies to make Lagos more sustainable

Answer 17

Pros:

CHIEF- prevent diseases, promote the health, rights and socio-economic development by encouraging community health centres and schools

Oando- improve learnign environment by allows basic skills to eb taught by children , community projects , improve skill of teachers

SEAP- supports migraters by provoding small loans , investing in QOL via mortages , promote better business practices

Con- people are stil divided / still greenhouse gas emissions / small scale / lack coordination