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Geography GCSE > Topic 5- Uk's Human Environment > Flashcards

Topic 5- Uk's Human Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why in urban cores the population is of younger people?

A

Because its easier to get jobs and lots of oppurtunities are there.

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2
Q

Why is there a higher proportion of old people in rural areas?

A

Because its peaceful and has a better quality of life for retirement

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3
Q

is pop density highest in urban cores? If so what are rural areas pop density like

A

Yes, high in areas around major cities aswell. Rural areas are sparsley populated

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4
Q

The amount and type of economic activity is different in urban and rural areas. 3 examples for each:

A

Urban cores:
- 60% of jobs found there.
-main employment in tertiary sector (finance…) and manufacturing ( food, drink)
- people live there as more jobs, often better pay
Rural areas
- fewer job oppurtunities
-more primary industry ( farming, fishing)
-some areas with seasonal tourism industry
-areas near cores have become commuter settlements - people live there and travel into urban areas for work

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5
Q

Why are some rural areas of Uk have high levels of poverty?

A

Because they have few employment oppurtunities, isolated, inaccesible. Young leave for jobs- depopulation caused so loss of services as they can no longer be supported

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6
Q

Uk and EU governement policies aim to reduce differences in wealth like enterprise zones, transport infastructure and regional development. Explain these.

A

Enterprise zones:
- 55 across Uk
- offers benefits like reduced taxes, improved infastructure (superfast broadband)
- encourages companies to move there in high unemployment areas, bringing jobs + income helping poorer rural areas develop
TRANSPORT INFASTRUCTURE:
- Gov linking london, birmingham, leeds, manchester (HS2)
- increased capacity, better,faster travel promoting people to live in poor rural areas
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
- EU has used regional development fund to promote growth in poorer rural areas
- by investing in small tech businesses, improving locals skills

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7
Q

How does migration influence the age structure and distribution of people in the Uk?

A

-Roughly Half pop growth is natural, half is migration.
-since 1983 more people have moved to than left the Uk

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8
Q

National and international migration effect the distribution and age structure of the pop:

A

DISTRIBUTION:
- young natioanl/international migrants have two major popular destinations (london, west midlands)
- lots of counter-urbanisation as wealthy move out of cities to find better quality of life.
-many old people move to coastal areas for retirement
AGE STRUCTURE:
- Large num of young migrants (20-29) increase the pop in this age group.
- migration increases birth rates effecting age structure because many migrants are of chikd bearing age.

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9
Q

How has the Uk migration policy increased diversity

A

After second world war, uk encouraged immigration from commonwealth countries to fill skill shortages for work force.
Later, entry restricted but work permits for migrants with desirable skills meaning uk has high proportion of people of carribesn, asian ethnicity.
Since 1995, uk has allowed free movement of people within kekber countries to find work, increasing migration increasing cultural diversity

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10
Q

Why have primary and secondary sectors declined?

A

Primary:
Farming has become more mechanised - less people needed.
Mining declined because of competition from abroad.
Secondary:
Decreased as people in manufacturing fell from 36% to 9%
Quaternary increased. (Research and development)

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11
Q

How has the secondary industry declined in Burnley:

A
  • Burnley had thriving economy based on textiles. Then Collapsed as cheap imports from abroad.
    -several major factories closed. Loss of jobs. Burnley struggled to recover. Employment rate- 65%. Wages below uk average. People leave as little jobs on offer.
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12
Q

How has Quaternary and Tertiary sectors grown in south wales?

A

South wales economy before based on coal mining+ iron making. This declined because overseas competition.
Unemployment levels high.
They being the different parts of the region working together) aimed to improve transport,
to attract businesses, increase skills.

Coasts are lower thwn London and south east, making itneasier to start up new businesses. Helping attract private investors. Bringing about more wealth and more money spent on services. More jobs

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13
Q

FDI is increasing in the Uk. What is it?

A

FDI is foreign direct investment and is when a company in one country invests money in a different country. It has been increasing in the Uk and the main investment comes from transnational corporations (TNC’s)

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14
Q

FDI is increasing in the Uk due to Globalisation, Free trade policies and privatisation. Explain whats these are and how?

A

GLOBALISATION: (the process of countries becoming more integrated):
- transport and communications links have improved, easier for companies to operate
- london = global financial centre- lots of banks
PRIVATISATION:
- services previously run by Uk gov have been offered to privste firms. Increased FDI because foreign firms buy them or merge them with exsiting businesses.
Free Trade Policies:
- reduce import and export restrictions, easier for countries to trade.
- FDI increased as companies couod move goods and services freely between the uk and their home country.

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15
Q

What are the positives and negatives or TNC’s affecting the Uk economy?

A

Positives:
- jobs are created
- large scale projects can be built that the Uk gov can’t afford to pay for.
- TNC’s often lead the way in developing new products, technology and business practices which can be used by other firms to increase prodcutivity
NEGATIVES
- leads to over-reliance on TNC’s - if theres a problem in elsewhere in world, uk economy affected
- big effects if TNC’s choose to relocate or change suppliers
- local businesses struggle to compete against TNC’s

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16
Q

What is site?

A

Site is the location or land on which a place is built
Situation- us the location of a place in relation to other places.

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17
Q

Explain londons site and situations?

A

London has a wide flat river flood plain which means it is easy to expand and build on.
London is flat and low-lying allowing a ruver to floe increasing trade.
London around big cities so lots of people can acces it easily with good transport links.

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18
Q

Explain Londons situation and connectivity nationally and internationally?

A

Nationally:
- UK’s fastest railway service connects london to major big cities (HS2), increases speed, better travel, more capacity…. - helps economy grow.
Internationally:
- london has lots of major airports like heathrow and gatwick. Also, eurostar connects france and UK

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19
Q

Describe londons connectivity in brackets of social, economic and envrionmental?

A

Economic:
- 46% of worlds foreign equities are traded here.
- home to massive global brands and are based in the financial district of canary wharf
- major airports connect big cities around world
- has highest tourist spend in world
Envirnomentally:
- 40% green space
Socially:
- 1/3 londoners born abroad
- 800,000 commute there a day.
- increases by 1.3 mil a day due to tourism

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20
Q

What is the burgess model?

A

Each ring performs a function for the city.
Centre - CBD
Second from centre - inner city
Third from centre - suburbs
Outer - rural urban fringe

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21
Q

As you travel into the city…
Density of housing ….
Age of house….
Amount of greenspace…
Height of buildings….
Price of land…..
Land use becomes more mixed
Function becomes more economic
Type of housing becomes smaller but more expensive

A

Increases
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Increases

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22
Q

77 cgp table full of characteristice of cbd inner city….. say what you know first

A
23
Q

Pop of london growing due go inter migration, National migration, internal pop growth

A

International migration- net migration to london in 2014 was 100000 people
National migration - within uk, people moving from place to place
Internal pop frowth - young pop means more birthd/deaths

24
Q

Migration influences character of different parts of the city:

A

AGE STRUCTURE: high percentage of people in inner city aged 24-34, lower proportion of people 65+, immigrants are of working age.
ETHNICITY: ethnic diversity higher in inner city areas- increasing in suburbs
HOUSING: immigration adds to overcrowding. Poorer immigrants live in terraced houses.
CULTURE: london very culturally diverse, 200+ languages spoken. Most immigrants settle near other people with similar ethnic backgrounds.
SERVICES: in inner city areas where immigrant rates are high, increasing demand for services/education/health care. These places however are among poorest parts of city so difficult to provide what is needed.
POPULATION: pop growth rates are increasing in inner city because high immigrant rates (many immigrants are of child bearing age.

25
Q

What is the IMD?

A

Indec of multiple deprivation - combines data on employment, health, education, crime, housing, services and environment. Gives overall figure of wuaoity of life in a place.

26
Q

Where is deprivation highest?

A

Inner city

27
Q

Describe the reasons for inequality?

A

SERVICES:
- rapid pop growth- pressure on services
- funding them is harder in deprived areas, where councils get less money from taxes + businesses.
EMPLOYMENT:
- fewer manufacturing jobs in inner city- new industries now in outskirts- harder to get jobs
EDUCATION:
- wealthy parents are able to send their kids to fee-paying schools, many poorer families end up in under-performing state schools. Leads to a cycle, lack of education, lack of skills, limited range of job opportunities, lower incomes.
Health:
- unhealthy life styles (more common in deprived areas, lowers life expectancy)
- NHS is free but are overwhelmed. Poorer people cannot afford private health care.

28
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Regeneration is making actual improvements to an area.

29
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Is about a place’s image so that people will want to go there

30
Q

The london dockoands wre regenerated and rebranded in the 1980s-90s. What are the positive and negative impacts of it?

A

Positive:
- transport links improved (jubille line, railway)
- pop increased, people had more money to spend in shops
- more green space
- businesses have been attracted meaning jobs.
Negative:
- local people had to leave: 36% of workers unskilled + couldn’t afford housing.
- traditional businesses closed for wealthier newcomers
- communities broken up, people moved to new towns

31
Q

What are the 5 strategies to make urban living more sustainable?
GRETH

A

G reen space:
- environmental benefits, 40% london green space, better quality of life
R ecycling:
- more recycling = fewer resources used. Waste recycling schemes = for household. 33% of rubbish recycled in london
E mployment:
- increasing employment = reduced poverty. London living wage very high so businesses mist pay fair pay becuase of high cost of living.
T ransport:
- noise, air population need to be reduced : congestion charge - means paying to go into london
- self service bicycles and bike lanes makes it safer + easier to cycle instead of driving.
- electric buses + zer-emission taxis help reduce emissions for public transport
H ousing:
- bedzed is a large sustainable community- thick insulation houses, solar heating and water saving appliances reducing energy bills, made from locally sourced material= smaller carbon footprint

32
Q

Describe how the inner city and CBD have declined due to de-industrialisation and depopulation?

A
  • decline of dock and manufacturing industries in london led to unemployment- 20% of jobs lost 1066-1976.
  • de-industrialisation and unemployment in (second half of 20th century) led to many fmailies moving away (depopulation) caused by suburbanisation.
  • decrease in services as no one could continue them.
    -e-commerce growth adding pressure on high street shops.
  • some firms moved to distribution areas where they can distribute goods to online shoppers easier.
    -decentralisation caused decline. Shops struggled to pay hugh rents so..
33
Q

Why has the suburban areas grown?

A

Because of transport
- london underground (better connections to suburbs) and quicker

34
Q

Give a brief summary of decentralisation to the suburban areas?

A
  • people moving to suburbs spend money there (instead of london)
  • leading to growth of business parks, e-commerce, out of town shopping centres, retail parks
35
Q

What is depopulation?

A

Depopulation= decline of total pop

36
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

The movement of shops/offices to the urban areas.

37
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

The decline of factories in an urban area.

38
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

Movement of people beyond the boundary of a town/city into a village or smaller town.

39
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Movement of people to the residential area of the city in the suburbs

40
Q

Gentrification

A

The improvement of an urban area when new high earners move into rundown areas.

41
Q

Studentification

A

Communities benefit from local universities which provide employment and large student pop which can regenerate services and housing

42
Q

Urban sprawl

A

When towns spread outwards in their size as people move to the edge through suburbanisation

43
Q

Green belt

A

An area of land at the edge of an urban area that has strict planning controls which prevent new development and urban sprawl

44
Q

Parts of the RUF and inner city have seen economic growth because of 4 main reasons:
Financial and business services and tnc investment

A

FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS SERVICES AND TNC INVESTMENT:
- growth of finance has re-energised cbd. Cbd emerged as global centre for banking, insurance and law companies.
- tnc’s locate their sales and marketing departments in london as it is important as a financial centre.

45
Q

Parts of the RUF and inner city have seen economic growth because of 4 main reasons:
Gentrification and studentification, urban sprawl

A
  • some areas have been gentrified where wealthy people have come in and regenerated the area and same with studentrified areas with unviersities.
    -urban sprawl
    - most growth in RUF- large shopping centres
    - less congestion- more parking
    - availability of jobs - encourages people to go there.
46
Q

Parts of the RUF and inner city have seen economic growth because of 4 main reasons:
Leisure and culture

A
  • london hosted olympics. Deprived area of east end now new transport links, atheletes village now housing, sports stadiums open for community . New jobs.
47
Q

Explain the 3 reasons why london and the surrounding areas are interdependent?

A

Labour:
- people commute to london from RURAL AREAS to work. Students/young professionals kove to london- living close to work + in areas of good entertainment facilities
Goods:
- london relies on rural areas for food - farmers sell to supermarkets
Services:
- London has excellent hospitals, private, schools and soecialist services- people travel from rural areas to use them. Londoners travel to countryside for leisure activities.

48
Q

What is the benefits and costs of interdependence of urban and rural areas?

A

Benefits:
- some businesses in rural areas have seen an increase in business as new residents have more disposable income.
- farmers made money from selling land
- existing houses have been improved
- less pressure on housing in london
Costs:
- some villages may become commuter settlements. Leaves shoos empty in the day in that village.
- new housing estates in countryside affecting wildlife
- commuters druve to train - adds traffic, increases air pol, congestion and parking issues

49
Q

How is interdependence causing changes to rural areas:

A

For example: sevenoaks= largest rural area. Lots of people move there for better qual of life. Builds pressure on housing, pushing prices up.
Pop is changing, lots of people retire there. Younger people leave.
Has higher proportion of 50+ people and lower average proportion of people and lower av of people below 20.

50
Q

What are the three challenges for rural areas around london? HEH

A

Employment:
- employment deprivation is concentrated in a few small pockets.
- increased use of technology in agriculture + increasing farm sizes has decreased number of workers needed in rural areas.
-Finding alternative employment can be difficult
HOUSING
- sevenoaks among 30% most deprived areas for housing affordability
- house prices also hgiher than uk av creating challenges for housing affordability for young people.
HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION
- ageing pop =more health care
- Gp surgeries threatened by closure
- schools in some villages closed due to declining num of pupils
- elderly people in rural areas have no car, struggling to provide for shops and grt to health care.
- young may habe to travel long distances for leisure.

51
Q

Can toursism create new economic opportunities in rural areas.

A

Yes

52
Q

Why do farmers struggle to earn enough and what do they do in this situation

A

Prices for food forced down by supermarkets as they have cheaper exports.
Some farmers find alternative ways of making money, either by farm-based activities or new businesses.
This is known as diversification

53
Q

Rural diversification includes farm shops, accomodation and leisure acitviites. Whatcare thei impacts on the environment?

A

Page 82 cgp table inserted here

Geography GCSE (5 decks)

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