Topic 2

Question 1

Groos domestic product (GDP)

Answer 1

Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

• as country develops, it gets higher

Question 2

GDP per capita

Answer 2

The GDP divided by the pop of a country.

As a country develops, it gets higher

Question 3

Gross National Income (GNI) and GNI per capita

Answer 3

Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas.

As country develops it gets higher

Question 4

Birth rate

Answer 4

Number of births born per thousand of the population per year

As a country develops it gets lower

Question 5

Death rate

Answer 5

Num. of deaths per thousand of the pop per year

As a country develops it gets lower

Question 6

Fertility rate

Answer 6

The av num of births per women

As countey develops, gets lower

Question 7

Infant mortality rate

Answer 7

Num of babies who die undee 1 year old, per 1000 babies born

As a country develops, it gets lower

Question 8

Maternal mortality rate

Answer 8

The num of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per thousand live births

As a country develops it gets lower

Question 9

Doctors per 1000 of pop

Answer 9

Num of working doctors per 1000 of the pop

As a country develops it gets higher

Question 10

Gini coefficient

Answer 10

Measure of economic inequality, countries are given a score between 0 and 1 (1 being total inequality).

As a country develops it gets lower

Question 11

Human development index (HDI)

Answer 11

Num that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Each country has HdI value between 0 and 1 (1 most developed)

As country develops it gets higher

Question 12

Gender inequality index

Answer 12

Number that’s calculated using data on (women’s education, access to jobs, politicsl righte and health during pregnancy. Higher the score the more inequality

As country develops it gets lower

Question 13

Corruption perceptions index (CPI

Answer 13

Measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score, more corrupt

As country develops it gets higher

Question 14

Single indicators can be misleadingnif they arenused on their own

Answer 14

Because, as a country develops, some aspects develop before others

Question 15

What is an example of a composite indicator

Answer 15

HDI

Question 16

What are the three different aspects of development

Answer 16

ECONOMIC - progress in economie growth, e.g. how wealthy a country
is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology.

SOCIAL - improvement in people’s standard of living, e.g. better health care and access to clean water.

POLITICAL - having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society.

Question 17

Describe the trends with developing countries

Answer 17

1) Developing countries have higher fertility and birth rates because there’s no use of contraception. People also have lots of children because poor health care means that many infants die.
2) The death rate is also hish due to poor health care, and life expectancy is low (few people reach old age).
3) This means that there are lots more children than older people - population pyramids for developing countries have a very wide base, which rapidly narrows.

Question 18

Describe the trends with emerging countries

Answer 18

1) Emerging countries see their fertility rates fall rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and a better education.
2) The use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children.
3) Health care improves so life expectancy increases,
4) This means that there are more people of working ace and there is a lower proportion of
children - the base of the pyramid starts to narrow and the top starts to widen.

Question 19

Describe the trends with developed countries

Answer 19

1) In developed countries fertility rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life, and may have dependent elderly relatives, so there is less money available for having children.
2) Health care is good, so the death rate is low and life expectancy is high.
3) This means there are lots more older people and the proportion of children decreases - the top of the pyramid widens further and the base gets narrower, so the middle bulges out.

Question 20

What is development

Answer 20

The economic, social and political progress a country or people make. For it to be beneficial it must be sustainable

Question 21

What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (Climate and topography (shape of land)

Answer 21

Climate:
- If a country has a poor climate not much will grow.
- this reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life
- People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. Reducing their qual of life.
TOPOGRAPHY (shape of land):
- if the land in a country is steep, then it won’t produce a lot of food. This has the same effect as a poor climate.
- steep land can also make it difficult to develop infastructure.

Question 22

What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (health and education)

Answer 22

Education:
- Educating people produces a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services.
- this brings money into the country through trade or investment.
- educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes.
- this provides money that the country can spend on development
HEALTH:
- In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera.
- people who are ill are less able to work, so may contribute less to economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health care.
- lower economice contribution and higher spending on health care means that there’s less money available to spend on development

Question 23

What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (colonialism)

Answer 23

• countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised.
• European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods.
• this was bad for African development as it made parts of africa dependent on europe, and led to famine and malnutrition

Question 24

What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (Neo-colonialism)

Answer 24

• after colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly
• some TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
• international organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which mean poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to

Question 25

What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (economic and political)

Answer 25

- Authoritarian gov's can put development policies in place without worrying about anyone stopping them - this can be very good for economic development - corrupt govs can hinder development (by taking money that's intended for building infastructure or improving facilities for people. - countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements. - they can also get loans from international organisations to invest in development projects

Question 26

Differences in wealth can make things difficult for poorer people and developing countries: (Education, politics, health)

Answer 26

EDUCATION: - Poorer countries can't afford to invest as much in education as richer countries. - poorer people may not be able to afford school fees, children may have to work to support their families instead of attending school - lack of education means people can't get better-paid, skilled jobs in future, so the cucle of poverty continues. HEALTH: - people in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancies. - infant mortality is also much higher in developing countries. - poorer people find it harder to get quality health care and healthy food. POLITICS: - Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and disconent in poorer countries. - means civil wars are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality - poverty increases as money is spent on fighting rather than development. - developing countries are often dependent on richer countries. This means they have less influence over regional global decisions

Question 27

How do global inequalities cause environmental problems

Answer 27

- economic development leads to more consumption of food, water and energy as people get wealthier. This puts pressure on scarce resources and can threaten ecosystems - industrialisation leads to increased air, water and land pollution. The release of greenhouse gases enhances the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. - waste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage, chemical waste and runoff from farmland ends up in rivers and lakes. - many developed countries have factories in developing countries or buy goods thst are produced there, means local pollution levels are often much higer in developing countries - poorer people can also be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage.

Question 28

Summarise Rostow's thoughts on how and why countries develop

Answer 28

Rostow's modernisation theory predicts how a country's level of economic development changes over time - it describes how a country's economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry (e.g. agriculture), through secondary industry (e.g. manufacturing goods) to tertiary and quaternary industry (e.g. services and research). - At the same time, people's standard of living improves. - stage 1 is the lowest level of development and Stage 5 is the highest.

Question 29

Describe the 5 levels of development

Answer 29

1: Traditional society: subsistence based. Farming, fishing and forestry. Little trade 2: Preconditions for take-off. Manufacturing starts developing. Infastructure is built. International trade begins. 3: TAKE OFF. rapid, intensive growth. Large-scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth 4: DRIVE TO MATURITY: economy grows so people get wealthier. Standards of living rise. Widespread use of technology 5: MASS CONSUMPTION: lots of trade. Goods are mass produced. People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption

Question 30

As you travel up through Rostow's levels, does the primary, secondary, tertiary sectors increase of decrease?

Answer 30

Primary- decreases Secondary- increases then decreases Tertiary - increases

Question 31

What is a criticism of modernisation?

Answer 31

If they are a land locked country, it will be difficult to trade meaning it will be difficult to do stage 2.

Question 32

What does Frank's dependency theory suggest

Answer 32

It suggests thst some poorer, weaker countries (periphery) remain poor because they are dependent on core countries (richer/more powerful)

Question 33

What does Frank's theory argue?

Answer 33

It argues thay the exploitation that started during the colonial period has continued (this is neo-colonialism). - the richer former colonial countries continue to dominate the trading system even though the colonised countries have gained independence - richer countries continue to take advantage of the cheap raw materials and labour available in poorer countries.

Question 34

Explain how richer countries (core countries) exploit poor countries and what does this mean for poorer countries

Answer 34

By interfering in local politics in poorer cointries or loaning them money with high rates of interest, leading to large debt. - This means that poorer countries remain dependent on richer countries. Some people think that as long as they remain part of the capitalist (free-trade, profit- seeking) system, these countries can't develop.

Question 35

Explain how poorer (periphery) countries loose out to core countries

Answer 35

Poorer countries have been encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. - this means they need to import manufactured goods at higher cost from richer countries to provide for their own population. -This traps them in poverty and makes them dependent on the economy of the core countries

Question 36

What is a criticism of the dependency model? (Model pic is on double sided sheet in book )

Answer 36

-Some poor countries have successfully developed like South Korea. - Rich countries influences today may be positive for example aid without ties.

Question 37

Globalisation

Answer 37

Globalisation is the process of all the world's systems and cultures becoming more integrated.

Question 38

A few reasons why globalisation is increasing

Answer 38

- improvements in ICT advances the carrying in informatio and faster. (Quicker and easier for businesses all over the world. - improvement to transport making it quicker/easier for people to communicate face-to-face.

Question 39

Explain how TNCS increase globalisation

Answer 39

-They produce products, sell products or are located in more than one country wh ih links together countries though prpduction and sale of goods. - bring culture from their countru of origin to many diffferent countries - TNCs promote culture of CONSUMERISM - people in developing/emerging countries see all the products that people in developed countries have. Making their lifestyles more similar

Question 40

Explain how governments increase globalisation

Answer 40

- FREE TRADE - governments increase globalisation by promoting free trade (making it much easier to move goods, money and services between countries - INVESTMENT - governments compete with each other to attract investment by TNCS. They think that TNCS will bring jobs, increase income from taxes and promote economic growth in their country. - PRIVATISATION- govs hand over services and industries to private companies

Question 41

Explain why some countries have benefited more than others. Because they have....

Answer 41

- large-cheap workforces - govs open to foreign investment - less strict evironmental/labour/planning law- lots of cheap raw materials - reasonable infastructure - available land

Question 42

Some people think that globalisation is increasing global inequality....

Answer 42

- Free trade benefits richer countries - TNC profits normally return to their headquarters, good in developed countries, and poor countries can struggle to compete - Richer countries benefit from freer movement of labour - skilled workers are attracted by higher wages and better living conditions in richer countries, leading to a 'brain drain' in poorer countries.

Question 43

Explain Top-down approaches

Answer 43

A government or large organisations where they make decisions about how to increase development and direct the project (inter-governemtal organisations of TNC).

Question 44

Explain Bottom-up approaches

Answer 44

Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own country. Non-governmental organisataions are often involved

Question 45

Scale and aims for Top-down approaches

Answer 45

- often used for large projects ( dams and irrigation schemes)l - these aim to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots of people.

Question 46

Explaon scale and aims of Bottom-up approaches

Answer 46

- usually small-scale, e.g. building or maintaining a well in a village. - They often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society

Question 47

Explain the funding for TOP-DOWN approaches

Answer 47

- the projects are usually very expensive. - some projects are funded by TNCs or governments from developed countries who will profit from the development. - other projects may be funded by loans from international organisations. They money may have to be paid back later or the organisation may nabe conditions for lending the money.

Question 48

Funding for Bottom-up approaches

Answer 48

- projects are usually much cheaper. - most money comes from charities, which often rely on donations from people in richer countries.

Question 49

Technology for TOP-DOWN approaches

Answer 49

- the projects are often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology, which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries rather than local people. - the recipient country becomes dependent on technology and workers from the donor country for operation and maintenance

Question 50

Technology Bottom-up approaches

Answer 50

- projects involve intermediate technology - local materials are used and local people are employed, - this means people havethe materials and skills to maintain the project

Question 51

NGOs

Answer 51

Non-governmental organisations are not-for-profit groups which are independent from governments. They're often charities

Question 52

NGO- led development projects

Answer 52

often involve the use of intermediate technology. This includes tools, machines and systems that are simple to use, affordable to buy or build and cheap to maintain

Question 53

Advantages and disadvantages of NGOs

Answer 53

-Projects are designated to address the needs of people local to where the projects are carried out. - locally available, cheap materials are used so the community isn't dependent on expensive imports - projects are labour intensive- they create jobs for local people. DISADVANTAGAES: - projects are often small-scale, so they may not benefit everyone. - different organisations may not work together, so projects may be inefficient

Question 54

Why India is a attractive place for companies, people to invest into the country and a few reasons why its landscape and position helps to increase development?

Answer 54

- diverse culture, "bollywood", attractive tourist destination - beatiful varied landscape, mountaint, desert and a large coastline (attractive for tourism). - large coastline allows development of ports, increasing trade. - surrounded by rich countries like China and Indonesia. - Bangladesh and Pakistan make goods and sell them cheaply, which means India can trade with big profit. - part of UN and G20 - rich biodiveristy (elephants...) toursim -

Question 55

Explain how India's economy has changed a lot since 1990?

Answer 55

- there are large inequalities- some very wealthy, lots aren't - HDI= 0.61 - Economic development has changed the importance of the different economic sectors. Primary and secondary industry employ 69% of the workforce but contribute less than half of India's GDP. - Indias tertiary service and high-tech quaternarh industries grown hugely, now 45% of GDP.

Question 56

1990 to 2015 exports have changed

Answer 56

1990 Low value manufactured goods(clothing, tea...) 2015 High-value manufactured goods (machinery).

Question 57

1990 to 2015 imports have changed

Answer 57

1990 Manufactueed goods (machinery, chemicals) 2015 Crude oil (for transport and industry)

Question 58

How has globalisation increased development?

Answer 58

- 50%+ of Indians own a mobile phone. (Enabling lots of them to start their own small businesses, increasing income - India nas 12 Major ports, 20+ international airports. Has extensive rail network, 8 billion passengers yearly, 3b tonnes of freight a year (Easier to transport goods, trade increases, TNCs more likely to invest. - large TNCs manufacture and have IT in india. Bringing jobsl greater income from taxes and latest tech/businsess practice

Question 59

How has Government policies increased development

Answer 59

- 1991, india recieved 2,2bill aid from IMF in exchange for the gov changing its econoomic policies (reducing taxes on imported goods). - 2009, Indis made primary educatuon free/compulsory - 96% of children now enrol for school. (More educated workforce helps to field development. - rail network being upgraded and new roads/airports being built - reducing travel time - India one of the top locations in world for FDI, more FDI ny relaxing rukes on how much land, property... foreign companies csn own.

Question 60

How has India attracted people to come and invest socially, culturally, environmentally, politically

Answer 60

Social: -large pop - 20 mill indians live in 100 countries - money sent home is huge POLITICALLY: - one of largest democracies - one of founding members of Un and G20 - 1947 became independent - so lots of people speak english CULTURALLY: - 1500+ languages - worlds largest film indistry - bollywood ENVIRONMENTALLY: - richest biodiveristy - elephants and tigers. - has 6% of worlds bird and plant species

Question 61

How have some regions in India developed faster than others? (Urban areas)

Answer 61

- manufacturing and services has benefited urban areas more than rural areas. - Maharastra, which have the highest urban population - more money gets spent on these areas in order to attract more FDI and TNCS. - wealth generated spent on development projects - HDI - 0.57- literacy - 83

Question 62

How have some regions in India developed faster than others? (Rural areasj

Answer 62

-Bihar, higher rates of poverty. - let to undernourishment and health problems as people can't afford to buy food. - children have to work instead of going to school (low literacy rates) - low HDI score as poor health (education). HDI - 0.367 literacy- 64

Question 63

Maharashtra

Answer 63

- urban india - manufacturing - has 2nd largest port in country. - education take up is high population is talented - good health care

Question 64

Bihar

Answer 64

- lots of farmers, low skilled jobs - very littke transport - school attendence is low

Question 65

Bihar pop and gdp

Answer 65

11 % 682

Question 66

Maharashtra urban pop, gdp

Answer 66

45%, 2561

Question 67

Positive impacts from economic development for different groups of people:

Answer 67

1) all age groups have better health: - elderly people live longee - lower infant mortality rate - lower maternal mortality rate 2) some abe groups have better education: - higher education has given younger graduates access to better-paid jobs. - many adults have better literacy 3) there can be better gender equality: - women habe better access to education - literacy rates have increased. - women nabe better access to contraception and family planning advice

Question 68

Negative impacts from economic development for different groups of people:

Answer 68

1) -rapid industrialisation means more people may have to do dangerous jobs - working conditions poor due to lack of regualtions put in place 2) young people movijg to urban areas to dind work, less in rural meaning: - children have poor ed due to lack of skilled teachers - nearly 50% of teachers have only completed secondary education. - children may habe to work as agricultural labourers to support their families. 3) still a lot of gender equality - unsafe for women in many urban areas - if men leave to find work, women left to care/provide for household.

Question 69

Explain how economic development of India has impacted the environment?

Answer 69

- industrialisation leads to higher energy consumption, increased demand for fossil fuels means more greenhouse gases contributing to climate change - factories and cars mean more pollution - 0.5 million die from diseases related to air pollution each year india - urban sprawl leads to land/water pollution- lack of infastructure means 70% india sewage flows untreated into rivers

Question 70

Explain how India's global influence is increasing?

Answer 70

- india play a largee rike in regional/global politics as it develops - improved relations with neighbours in recent years joining ASEAN. - members of several organisations - founding members of UN, working for sustainable development - part of World Trade Organisation - member of G20

Question 71

How has India's relationship with USA and EU changed

Answer 71

With US: - improving relationship - USA expects economic development to increase trade/employment and economic growthin india - sees india as a huge karket for renewable/nuclear energy due to the num. of increasing wealthy people and growth of industry With EU: - good relationship, became strategic partners in 2004, agreeing to cooperate on certain issues - negotiations for a free trade aggreement in began 2007. EU is one of Indias biggest markets - eu supports health/educatuon progammes in india to promote continued development

Question 72

Costs and benefits to foreign influences on India

Answer 72

Costs: - increasing tension between india/china- both have rapidly growing economies. Developed nations are also concerned about losing economic power as I grows. - TNCs habe brought environmental problems - (local comms about amount of water being extracted by CC bottling plants leading some to be closed. - large retail chains offer cheap priced goods destroying oocals livelihoods Benefits: - improves relations mean they can cooperate with other countries on global issues