Topic 2 Flashcards
Groos domestic product (GDP)
Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
- as country develops, it gets higher
GDP per capita
The GDP divided by the pop of a country.
As a country develops, it gets higher
Gross National Income (GNI) and GNI per capita
Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas.
As country develops it gets higher
Birth rate
Number of births born per thousand of the population per year
As a country develops it gets lower
Death rate
Num. of deaths per thousand of the pop per year
As a country develops it gets lower
Fertility rate
The av num of births per women
As countey develops, gets lower
Infant mortality rate
Num of babies who die undee 1 year old, per 1000 babies born
As a country develops, it gets lower
Maternal mortality rate
The num of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per thousand live births
As a country develops it gets lower
Doctors per 1000 of pop
Num of working doctors per 1000 of the pop
As a country develops it gets higher
Gini coefficient
Measure of economic inequality, countries are given a score between 0 and 1 (1 being total inequality).
As a country develops it gets lower
Human development index (HDI)
Num that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Each country has HdI value between 0 and 1 (1 most developed)
As country develops it gets higher
Gender inequality index
Number that’s calculated using data on (women’s education, access to jobs, politicsl righte and health during pregnancy. Higher the score the more inequality
As country develops it gets lower
Corruption perceptions index (CPI
Measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score, more corrupt
As country develops it gets higher
Single indicators can be misleadingnif they arenused on their own
Because, as a country develops, some aspects develop before others
What is an example of a composite indicator
HDI
What are the three different aspects of development
ECONOMIC - progress in economie growth, e.g. how wealthy a country
is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology.
SOCIAL - improvement in people’s standard of living, e.g. better health care and access to clean water.
POLITICAL - having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society.
Describe the trends with developing countries
1) Developing countries have higher fertility and birth rates because there’s no use of contraception. People also have lots of children because poor health care means that many infants die.
2) The death rate is also hish due to poor health care, and life expectancy is low (few people reach old age).
3) This means that there are lots more children than older people - population pyramids for developing countries have a very wide base, which rapidly narrows.
Describe the trends with emerging countries
1) Emerging countries see their fertility rates fall rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and a better education.
2) The use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children.
3) Health care improves so life expectancy increases,
4) This means that there are more people of working ace and there is a lower proportion of
children - the base of the pyramid starts to narrow and the top starts to widen.
Describe the trends with developed countries
1) In developed countries fertility rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life, and may have dependent elderly relatives, so there is less money available for having children.
2) Health care is good, so the death rate is low and life expectancy is high.
3) This means there are lots more older people and the proportion of children decreases - the top of the pyramid widens further and the base gets narrower, so the middle bulges out.
What is development
The economic, social and political progress a country or people make. For it to be beneficial it must be sustainable
What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (Climate and topography (shape of land)
Climate:
- If a country has a poor climate not much will grow.
- this reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life
- People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. Reducing their qual of life.
TOPOGRAPHY (shape of land):
- if the land in a country is steep, then it won’t produce a lot of food. This has the same effect as a poor climate.
- steep land can also make it difficult to develop infastructure.
What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (health and education)
Education:
- Educating people produces a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services.
- this brings money into the country through trade or investment.
- educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes.
- this provides money that the country can spend on development
HEALTH:
- In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera.
- people who are ill are less able to work, so may contribute less to economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health care.
- lower economice contribution and higher spending on health care means that there’s less money available to spend on development
What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (colonialism)
- countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised.
- European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods.
- this was bad for African development as it made parts of africa dependent on europe, and led to famine and malnutrition
What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (Neo-colonialism)
- after colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly
- some TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
- international organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which mean poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to
What are the causes of Global inequalities? ( lots of factors affect how developed a country it) (economic and political)
- Authoritarian gov’s can put development policies in place without worrying about anyone stopping them - this can be very good for economic development
- corrupt govs can hinder development (by taking money that’s intended for building infastructure or improving facilities for people.
- countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements.
- they can also get loans from international organisations to invest in development projects
Differences in wealth can make things difficult for poorer people and developing countries:
(Education, politics, health)
EDUCATION:
- Poorer countries can’t afford to invest as much in education as richer countries.
- poorer people may not be able to afford school fees, children may have to work to support their families instead of attending school
- lack of education means people can’t get better-paid, skilled jobs in future, so the cucle of poverty continues.
HEALTH:
- people in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancies.
- infant mortality is also much higher in developing countries.
- poorer people find it harder to get quality health care and healthy food.
POLITICS:
- Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and disconent in poorer countries.
- means civil wars are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality - poverty increases as money is spent on fighting rather than development.
- developing countries are often dependent on richer countries. This means they have less influence over regional global decisions
How do global inequalities cause environmental problems
- economic development leads to more consumption of food, water and energy as people get wealthier. This puts pressure on scarce resources and can threaten ecosystems
- industrialisation leads to increased air, water and land pollution. The release of greenhouse gases enhances the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change.
- waste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage, chemical waste and runoff from farmland ends up in rivers and lakes.
- many developed countries have factories in developing countries or buy goods thst are produced there, means local pollution levels are often much higer in developing countries
- poorer people can also be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage.
Summarise Rostow’s thoughts on how and why countries develop
Rostow’s modernisation theory predicts how a country’s level of economic development
changes over time - it describes how a country’s economy changes from relying mostly
on primary industry (e.g. agriculture), through secondary industry (e.g. manufacturing goods)
to tertiary and quaternary industry (e.g. services and research).
- At the same time, people’s standard of living improves.
- stage 1 is the lowest level of development and Stage 5 is the highest.
