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Geography GCSE > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how urbanisation is happening fastest in poorer countries?

A

Its happening in countries all over the world - 50% of the world’s pop currentlg live in urban areas and this is increasing every day.
- smaller pop (35%) of the pop in developing countries live in urban areas, fastest rates of it in the world are in developing countries.

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2
Q

Explain how the number of megacities is increasing?

A

High rates of urbanisation are leading to the growth of megacities.
- 1950, biggest most influential cities in developed countries (tokyo and new york)
- 2014 there was 28
- more than 2/3 of current megacities are in developing or emerging countries

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3
Q

Whats urban primacy

A

-Urban primacy is when one city dominstes a country it is in. These ‘promate cities’ have a much largee population than other cities in the country- usually ,ore than twice as many people as the next biggest city

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4
Q

The primate city dominates the country economically and politically ….

A

Economically:
- INVESTMENT (businesses often locate there, attracting investment in infastructure and services
- MIGRATION - there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. Highly-skilled workers are attracted by better oppurtunities
- TRANSPORT - international ports and airports are often located there, encouraging further investment and migration
Political influences:
- govs and headquaters of large, powerful businesses are often locsted there, meaning decisions about development favour the city rather than the rest of the country

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5
Q

Megacity

A

A city which has a population of over 10 million people

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6
Q

The population of london is 8.9 million

A

But built up nature of the city’s suburbs means we can classify as a megacity (11.5 million is built up)

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7
Q

Kampalas pop growth (migration factors, economic factors)

A

Economic factor:
- many TNCs set up in Uganda = jobs in Kampala like factorys
- tech improves knowledge of urban employment
- jobs in contruction, building infastructure
- communications increase access to urban opportunities
Migration factors:
- better servjces which make life easier than in rural areas
- better like chances with more opportunities
- cities become national hubs.

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8
Q

NEW YORK, USA:

A

POP CHANGE: increase since 1920
Data to backup- since 1920 (5.5mill) to now (8.5mill)
Reasons of change (economic)
- expertise in finance has attracted qualified people
reasons for change (mugration)
- internatjonal migration increased. 37% pop foreign, born

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9
Q

DETROIT USA

A

Pop change- decrease
Data - 1.3mill decrease since 1920
Reasons for change (economic)
- deindustrialisarion led to decreased pop
Reasons for change (migration)
- large African - american community.

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10
Q

Kampala(developing) (primary,secondary,tertiary %)

A

70%
20%
10%

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11
Q

New delhi (emerging)(primary,secondary,tertiary %)

A

30%
30%
40%

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12
Q

New York(Developed)(primary,secondary,tertiary %)

A

10%
15%
75%

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13
Q

Importance of informal/ formal sector (kampala

A

Important - roughly half of GDP and 80% people employed (informal)

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14
Q

Importance of informal/ formal sector (new delhi)

A

75% of workers informal
Makes up 50% indias GDP

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15
Q

Importance of informal/ formal sector(new york)

A

Mostly formal employment
- 7% informal economy

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16
Q

Main jobs in informal (kampala)

A

Stalls in markets selling goods and food offering of services

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17
Q

Main jobs in informal (new delhi)

A

Selling foods, cigarettes, clothing

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18
Q

Main jobs in informal (new york)

A

Street selking, cleaning, hotel and catering industry

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19
Q

Working conditions in informal (kampala)

A

Can run own time
- may have issues with stock, having trade

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20
Q

Working conditions in informal (new delhi)

A

Not as safe as formal, ventilation bad

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21
Q

Working conditions in informal (new york)

A

No protection.
Long hours.
low pay.

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22
Q

Problems caused by informal work (kampala)

A

No taxes paid to the gov,
Difficukt to improve country without it

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23
Q

Problems caused by informal work (new delhi)

A

No taxes to gov so can’t soend anything

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24
Q

Problems caused by informal work (new york)

A

Illegal migrants can work
Tax evasion

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25
Q

Benefits of the informal economy (kampala)

A

Many people employed without habing to have formal training

26
Q

Benefits of the informal economy (new delhi)

A

People get easy money quickly

27
Q

Benefits of the informal economy (new york)

A

Helps legal migrants

28
Q

Urbanisation

A
  • increase in the proportion of the pop living in built-up urban areas
  • urban areas soread into the surrounding countryside as the pop increases
  • Cities developed in up industrual Rev setting up shop in small terraced houses.
  • factories relocated then to emerging countries, apartment blocks sprang up for workers
29
Q

Suburbanisation

A
  • the movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges - urban areas expand rapidly as housing is built in outskirts
  • urbanisation caused urban areas to become overcrowded and polluted. Suburban areas more green soace and seemed more family-friendly.
  • transport improvements people could live in suburbs and commute to city to work
30
Q

De-industrialisation

A
  • manufacturing moving out of an area
  • Urban areas affected by industry moving to ruralcareas where rents are cheaper
  • oversease to countries where costs are lower
  • leads to de-population as people leave the old industrial areas
  • umeployment increases leading to lower living standards and poverty.
31
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A
  • movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas.
  • qual of life better = rural areas
  • house prices lower
  • increased car ownership/ improved public transport mean that people can live further form the city and commute to work
  • communication service = better = easier for people to work from home and companies don’t need to be in city
32
Q

Regeneration

A

-City centres in developed countries have undergone regeneration to reverse the decline of urban areas because of suburbanisation- de-industrialisation,-counter-urbanisation
- to attract businesses/people back to city to invest
- young, single oeople often want to live close to their work in areas with good entertainment services

33
Q

Land use has three different purposes:

A

Commercial - (office buildings/shops/hotels)
Industrial - (factories/warehouses)
Residential - (houses/flats/apartments)

34
Q

CBD

A

Commercial/publlic buildings
High density buildings /major roads meet

35
Q

Inner city

A

Residential/older industry.
Short, parallel roads of terraced houses/larger factory buildings)

36
Q

Suburbs

A

Residential, short-curved streets and cul-de sacs

37
Q

RUF

A

mix of commercial business parks/residential.
Green space between clusters of large office buildings/shopping centres.

38
Q

Land use influenced by ACCESSIBILITY/PLANNING REGULATION

A

ACCESSIBILITY:
- city centres (very accessible usually near main train/bus stations/centre of road networks
- shops/offices locate in city centres because they need to be accessible to lots of people
- businesses locate in edges of cities near major motorway junctions/out-of-town airports/traffic congestion avoided
PLANNING REGULATION:
- city pllpannes control how cities develop by picking types of building that can be built in different parts
- often strict planning reg in city centres - polluting industries band sometimes
- cities have strict limits on development in the rural-urban fringe.

39
Q

Land use is influenced by AVAILABILITY/COST

A

AVAILABILITY:
- all land in use and demand is high in city centres so businesses extend upwards as space limited
- Brownfield land in city centres, like old industrial sites, may be redeveloped as shops.
- old terraced houses /apartment blocks in inner city redeveloped as luxury homes
- lots of space on edges of cities where larger buildings can be built
COST
- city centre has highest land prices - cost of land fall towards edge of the city
- businesses/shops can afford to locate offices/shops in city centres but few houses
- houses tend to increase in size from inner cuty to suburbs as price of land decreases.

40
Q

Lagos Fact File

A
  • In Nigeria
  • located at the outlet of the massive lagos lagoon
  • Atlantic Coast of Nigeria
  • one of biggest ports in Africa
  • Lagos = well connected by road to the other major towns in Nigeria. has international port and airport. Important centre for Global trade
  • biggest city of population/business. 80% of Nigeria’s industry/global companies there.
  • centre of Nigerian film industry Nollywood/ has thriving music scene
41
Q

CBD

A
  • lagos island
  • 1920 was built (oldest part of city)
  • central, surrounded by lagoon, good transport
  • modern high rise office buildings, local gov headquaters/banks
  • expensive land
42
Q

Inner city (mushin)

A
  • built in 1960
  • has major road/railway
  • older,high-density, low quality houses
  • main roads/rail links
43
Q

Inner city (Ikeja)

A

-1960 built
- near airport/has major road/railway
- rail links/ main roads
- large industrial estate built in 1960s, with factories making (textiles/plastics)

44
Q

Suburb (Victoria Island)

A

-1960 built
- major road/transport
- modern, high-class residential/commercial - lots of business/shops

45
Q

Slums (Ojo)

A
  • built 1990
  • major road
  • sprawling, low density housing on outskirts of the city
  • less desirable land
46
Q

RUF Lekki

A
  • built in 1990
  • port
  • new industrial zone/ port being built
47
Q

Lago’s population growth has grown for different reasons and different times:

A

Historic:
-The city was under British rule during colonial times and was a centre of trade. This attracted traders and merchants to the city.
- Many ex-slaves also came to Lagos. e.g. from Sierra Leone. Brazil and the West Indies.
1960s - 1990s:
- 1)
After Lagos gained independence there was rapid economic development - the export of oil made
some people very wealthy.
2)
-The government financed lots of construction projects, e.g. building sea ports, oil refineries and factories. The jobs created led to rapid urbanisation lots of people moved to Lagos from rural Nigeria.
3) Birth rates were high and death rates were lower leading to high rates of natural increase - a rapidly growing population.
Recent:
- Most of the population growth in Lagos is due to rural-urban migration.
-The countries bordering Nigeria, e.g. Chad and Niger, are poor and involved in conflict - many people leave these countries for a better life in Lagos.
-There are also lots of national migrants from the northern states of Nigeria where there is lots of ethnic and relicious conflict and high levels of poverty.
-There is some international migration from the USA, the UK and China. This is mainly people who are employed by foreign businesses operating in Lagos.
-The rate of natural increase is still high - birth rates are still higher than death rates though both are slowly falling.

48
Q

Land use changes (city has expanded outwards and land has been reclaimed)

A

The city has expanded outwards - a larger area is now built on. Lots of people are forced to move to the jural-urban fringe as they can’t afford the rising house prices in the inner city.
-Land has been reclaimed from the lagoon. Land around the CBD is in high demand and very valuable, so artificial islands have been built, e.g. Banana Island and Eko Atlantic are built on reclaimed land and contain huge houses in gated communities.

49
Q

Lagos growth has changed land use (empty land now built on and land use changed in some areas)

A

Previously empty areas are now built on, e.g. slums are built on
areas of wasteland. In other undesirable locations (like Makoko). people have built wooden huts on stilts in the lagoon.

The land use in some areas has also changed, for example:

• some slums have been upgraded and made more permanent.
2016. The huts have been removed and new 3-4 storey apartments have been built in their place, e.g. in Badia East.
• some parts of the Makoko slum have been cleared by the government to allow development of desirable areas of the waterfront.
• some of the old middle-class residential areas have become hish-class luxury housing, e.g. the old middle-class area of (koni is now one of the richest neighbourhoods in Lagos with lots of luxury shops and hotels alongside the redeveloped apartments.

50
Q

People in Lagos have had more opportunities

A
  • better access to employment in Lagos than in rurak Nigeria and the surrounding countries:
    • incomes 4x higher in lagos than in rural areas and informal sector jobs mean most people can find a way of making money -the huge population means there is a large market for services.
  • Lagos is home to mamy of country’s banks/gov departments/manufacturing industries. There are two major ports and afishing industry, all of which provide employment. Rapid growth of the cuty means there are kots of construction jobs
  • more health care centres and hospitals and better range of medicines in Lagos and is better access to higher ed- 6 universities.
  • its possible to access electricity and water networks as well as TV and internet.
51
Q

Lagos faces challenges in squatter settlements

A

Over 60% of the city’s population live in slums.
1) Houses are often flimsy, wooden huts. These are illegally built - people face eviction if slums are demolished to clean up the city.
2) The only electricity comes from illegal connections that often cut out.
3) There are high levels of crime - many slums are patrolled by gangs called ‘area boys’ who both commit crimes and act as informal
‘police’ in the slum.

52
Q

Lagos faces challenges in traffic congestion

A

Lagos has some of the worst traffic congestion in the world because:
1) There has been very little investment in
=
transport infrastructure, despite the city growing enormously.
2) Public transport is limited, although there are plans to improve it, e.g. a light rail train.
3) The CBD is on an island, with only three bridges linking it to the rest of the city.

53
Q

Lagos faces challenges in limited service provision

A

1)
There aren’t enough schools for the population (e.g. there is only one primary school in Makoko) and many families can’t afford to send their children to school.
2) There aren’t enough health care facilities and many people can’t afford to pay for treatment.

54
Q

Lagos faces challenges in poor employment conditions

A

1)
There aren’t enough formal jobs for the growing population - people have to make money any way they can, e.g. by scavenging in the Olusosun rubbish dump for items to sell.
2) About 60% of the population work in informal jobs (see p. 35), e.g. street sellers, barbers.
3) There’s no protection for informal workers.
Street-sellers’ stalls are bulldozed to make way for new developments and road widening.
4) Lots of people live on less than $1.25 per day.

55
Q

Lagos faces challenges in waste disposal

A

1)Most of the city doesn’t have access to proper sewers, e.g. in Makoko communal toilets are shared by 15 households and most of the waste goes straight into the lagoon below - it’s always full of rubbish and raw seware. This causes health problems, e.g. cholera.
2) The huge population produces lots of waste - approximately 9000 tonnes per day.
3) Only about 40% of rubbish is officially collected and there are large rubbish dumps, e.g.
Olusosun, which contain foxic waste. Waste disposal and emissions from factories are not confrolled, leading to air and water pollution.

56
Q

Lagos faces challenges in water supply

A

1)
Only about 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply.
The pipes are old and rusty - the water often gets contaminated with sewage.
2) The state water company supplies less than half of what is needed. Water is in such short supply that people pay hugely inflated prices to get water from informal sellers.

57
Q

Rich and poor in lagos which leads to differences in quality of life

A

1) Wealthy people can afford better housing - the very rich live in luxurious and very expensive gated communities, e.g. on Banana Island.
2) They can also afford to live closer to work, so don’t have to face traffic jams every day.
Lagos does not have enough electricity-generating capacity to satisfy the whole city. so neighbourhoods have to take it in turns to have electricity. The very wealthy improve their quality of life by running their own powerful generators.

1) The poor can’t afford hish quality housing - they end up Iving in slums on land that regulatly floods or is close to polluting factories. Electricity is not available to the poorest people in slums, meaning they are reliant on polluting cooking stoves or small petrol generators, which cause pollution and reduce quality of life. Lack of waste disposal leads to high health risks.

58
Q

The inequalities make political and economic management of Lagos challenging:

A

1) cause pollution and reduce quality of life. Laok of waste disposal leads to list real tike. There are different development priorities, e.g. the wealthy want investment in more high-class, modern office space (e.g. Eko Atlantic) to relieve pressure on the existing 080, but the poor who live in slums need investment in housing improvement and in more services.
2) Corruption is very common in Nigeria. The government can infroduce laws, e.g. to regilate traffic, but the wealthy know they can ighore them and bribe the police if they get caught.
3) The wealthy elite are very powerful - e.g. proposals to improve railways in and around Lagos for people and freight have been stopped by people who have a business interest in the lorries that currently supply the city.

59
Q

In lagos Top-down strategies include for sustainability:

A

Improving water supply:
- The government has begun work on a
US $2.5 billion plan which includes new water treatment plants and distribution networks. In the meantime water kiosks are being introduced, where people can buy water at a lower price than from informal water sellers, until they sre connected

Improving Waste Disposal:
-The Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) is working to improve rubbish collection by making sure collection vans can get to each area of the city, e.g. by doing collections at night when there’s less traffic. Recycling banks are being put in every estate and people are encouraged to sort and recycle their waste.

Reducing Traffic congestion:
Two light rail lines are under construction to relieve road congestion. The lines will connect the CBD on Lagos Island with the north and west of the city (including the airport) along major commuter routes. The trains will be emission free to limit air pollution and the route will take 35 minutes instead of up to 4 hours by car.

Improving Air quality:
Small electricity generators (used by households when the power goes out) are a big source of air pollution. To improve air quality the government banned the import of small generators - instead communities are encouraged get together to run one larger generator, which will produce less emissions overall.

60
Q

Communities and NGOs are also trying to improve Lagos’s sustainability: Bottom-up strategies include:

A
  • Improving Health:
    CHIEF is an NGO that aims to develop sustainable health care in deprived areas of Lagos by opening community health centres, particularly for disadvantaged women and children.
    They also run education projects in local communities, to make people more aware of health issues.
  • Improving City housing:
    SEAP is a Nigerian NGO that promotes sustainable livelihoods for the poorest people in society.
    For example, it offers small loans (microfinance) to poor communities at affordable rates, so that people can afford to get a mortgage on a house.
    This means that people can move out of slum housing into small affordable apartments with better access to services.
  • Improving Education
    The Oando Foundation is a charity that is aiming to create a sustainable education system in Nigeria by improving school attendance and the gualitu of education on offer. The foundation involves local communities in each project so they support the school. It has ‘adopted’ and renovated schools in Lagos - this is reducing the number of primary children out of school.
    It is also working to improve teachers’ skills through training programmes.
61
Q

Pros and cons to top-down

A

Ads:
Can achieve large improvements that affect the whole city, e.g. the improved water supply should provide enough water for everyone at a low cost by 2020.
Can carry out higher-cost projects that communities or NGOs would strupple to fund.
Can address economic, social and environmental sustainability.

Dis:
Offen very expensive, e.g. Nigeria had to borrow almost US s1 billion from the World Bank to fund construction
of its light rail line.
• Top-down approaches don’t always have the support of communities, who may decide to ignore or undermine the strategy. For example the bus rapid transit is often delaved due to cars and stalls blocking the bus lane.
• May not help those most in need, e.g. the ban on small and generators affects the poor more than the rich as they are less able to afford cleaner alternatives.

62
Q

Ads and dis of bottom up:

A

Ads:
Planned with the local community, so it has their support and can target issues that most concern local people.
Often funded by donations from more developed countries or wealthy people, so there’s low cost to the people they help or the Nigerian government.
Dis:
- Smaller scale so projects reach fewer people.
Funds may be limited - especially during economic 2 recessions (periods of economic decline) when the need may be greatest. Schemes often rely on donations from people in more developed countries but people can’t afford to give as much during a recession.
- Can lack coordination - there may be several NGOs with the same aims working separately.

Geography GCSE (5 decks)

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