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A2 Biology > Topic 5: Respiration > Flashcards

Topic 5: Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are autotrophic organisms?

A

Organisms that make their own food

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2
Q

What are heterotrophic organisms?

A

Organisms which eat and digest other organisms to get food and energy from cellular respiration

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which energy is transferred from the chemical bonds in respiratory substrates to form ATP

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4
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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6
Q

Give some characteristics of ATP

A

Energy currency

Universal

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7
Q

Name and give the reaction which forms ATP

A

Phosphorylation

ADP + Pi —-> ATP + H2O

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8
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

A DNA molecule with two extra phosphate groups

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9
Q

What enzyme breaks down ATP?

A

ATPase

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10
Q

Is the formation of ATP exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

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11
Q

Name all the stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Where does the glucose for glycolysis come from?

A

From the blood

Form the breakdown of glucagon in the muscles and liver

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14
Q

Summarise the stages of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated
Phosphorylated carbon is broken down into two molecules of G3P
G3P oxidised to pyruvate

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15
Q

How is glucose phosphorylated in glycolysis?

A

Two phosphate groups are added to the glucose using two ATP molecules

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16
Q

Why do you need to phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis?

A

It raises its energy level so its more reactive

Makes it unable to pass through the cell membrane

17
Q

How is G3P converted into pyruvate?

A

Loses a hydrogen atom which is picked up by a molecule of NAD which is reduced to NADH.

18
Q

How many ATP molecules are made for every molecule of G3P that’s oxidised?

A

2

19
Q

What is the net number of ATP molecules produced in glycolysis

A

2

20
Q

What determines what happens to pyruvate once it’s been formed?

A

Whether there is enough oxygen or not

21
Q

If there is not enough oxygen present in an animal, what happens to pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate (lactic acid)

NADH —> NAD

22
Q

Why is the regeneration of NAD important?

A

To carry on glycolysis in aerobic respiration

23
Q

If there isn’t enough oxygen present in plants, what happens to pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal and then reduced to ethanol

24
Q

What does the breakdown of pyruvate anaerobically in plants produce?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

25
Q

Why is the fermentation of glucose irreversible in plants?

A

Because the carbon dioxide dissipates/diffuses

26
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

The reaction which links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle

27
Q

Summarise the link reaction

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetate which joins to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

28
Q

What does NAD do in the link reaction?

A

It becomes NADH because the pyruvate is dehydrogenated

29
Q

In the presence of oxygen, where does pyruvate go?

A

It’s transported across the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane into the matrix by active transport

30
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

31
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix?

32
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

To make the NADH and FADH needed in the electron transport chain

33
Q

Summarise the Krebs cycle

A

Acetate + oxaloacetate –> 6C
6C decarboxylated to 5C: CO2 and NADH formed
5C decarboxylated to 4C: CO2 and NADH formed
4C to another 4C: ATP
4C to another 4C: FADH
4C to oxaloacetate: NADH

34
Q

For every glucose molecule, how many times does the Krebs cycle go around?

A

Twice

35
Q

Summarise the products of the Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH
2 CO2
1 ATP

36
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

Summarise the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH are oxidised so they lose a H
H —> H+ + e-
Electrons passed down chain and release energy
H+ is pumped through proteins into inter-membrane space with energy
H+ ions flood into the matrix through ATP synthase, forming ATP
Electrons passed onto oxygen to combine with 2 H+ molecules to form water

38
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation mean?

A

The formation of ATP using energy from oxidation in the electron transport chain

39
Q

Give another term for water in the ETC

A

The terminal electron acceptor

A2 Biology (9 decks)

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