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AN4017 > Topic 5: Prenatal Maternal Stress, diet, and Gut Microbiome > Flashcards

Topic 5: Prenatal Maternal Stress, diet, and Gut Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

what is the recommended intake of folate prior to conception and up to 12th week of pregnancy

A

400micrograms/day

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2
Q

what is the main period of fetal growth?

A

during the second and third trimester

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3
Q

what should a pregnant person lower their consumption of?

A

salt, caffeine

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4
Q

what should a pregnant person not consume

A

alcohol, soft cheeses, raw fish

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5
Q

list some possible adverse effects of inadequate supply of macro and micronutrients during pregnancy?

A

premature birth, neurodevelopmental defects (neural tube, cognitive, and motor), even death

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6
Q

what is fetal programming

A

whereby the fetus senses, receives and responds to intrauterine environment

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7
Q

besides alterations during embryo/fetal brain development, what other period is critical to optimal brain function and connectivity?

A

the postnatal period, early post natal environment

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8
Q

what are gut bacteria essential for?

A

metabolism, immunity, well-being, brain development

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9
Q

what is the estimated ratio of bacteria to human cells in the body?

A

1:1

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10
Q

what is personalized nutrition?

A

aims to utilize interindividual host and microbiome variations in generating data-driven personalized dietary recommendations.

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11
Q

how is the maternal microbiome gut brain axis altered in stress and anxiety states

A

increased permeability, decreases richness, increased pro inflammatory cytokines, altered tryptophan metabolism

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12
Q

are you more likely to be breast fed by a low stressed mom than a high stressed mom?

A

yes

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13
Q

what gut microbiome agents offer safe and effective ways to improve microbiome?

A

pre and probiotics

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14
Q

clinical studies on maternal probiotic administration?

A

GDM, PE, infant allergy, infant weight gain, maternal GI, vaginal infections

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15
Q

preclinical studies on maternal probiotic admin

A

protects hypertension in offspring, lipid profile, immune system, microbiota

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16
Q

clinical studies on maternal prebiotic admin

A

maternal microbiota

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17
Q

preclinical studies on maternal prebiotic admin

A

improved weight gain, colon length, increased muscle mass, decreased allergies

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18
Q

what are psychobiotics?

A

psychobiotics are beneficial bacteria (probiotics) or support for such bacteria (prebiotics) that influence bacteria-brain relationships

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19
Q

example of probiotic

A

LGG

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20
Q

Example of prebiotcs

A

galactooligosaccarides (GOS)

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21
Q

what does the prebiotic GOS do?

A

supports and encourages the growth of these beneficial bacteria in the gut that are already present, such as bifidobacterium and lactobacillus, which are linked to emotional well-being. offer broader and more stable microbiome changes than probiotics, pregnancy/personal commensal composition is enhanced, not modified, hence safer and more acceptable.

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22
Q

compare newborn brain size to adult brain size and first postnatal year brain’s size to adult brain size

A

newborn brain is 36% size of adult brain
1yo brain is 72% size of an adult brain

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23
Q

what is responsible for the rapid increase in brain size during the first year?

A

due to rapid increase in neuropril (dendrites, synapses, axons)

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24
Q

what occurs during adolescence?

A

remodelling and myelination of neural circuits

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25
Q

what does experience in postnatal development shape

A

postnatal environment shapes the brain connectivity and circuitry

26
Q

what do prenatal brain growth disorders arise from

A

disruptions to neuronal progenitor pool size, neuronal progenitor cell proliferation versus division, neuronal migration, DNA damage response and repair

27
Q

what do postnatal brain disorders mainly arise from?

A

neuronal arborization, spinogenesis, synaptogenesis, remodeling, gliogenesis, myelination, neurodegeneration

28
Q

what is a cause of post natal brain growth disorders?

A

neurodegeneration

29
Q

what is the stress hyporesponsive period?

A

naturally lower levels of stress hormone, less stress/reactivity to stressors,

30
Q

examples of early life stress

A

exposure to infection, maternal deprivation/separation, and substance use disrupts the programmed development

31
Q

what does exposure to early-life stressors yield?

A

a myriad of deviations in brain circuitry, stress responsivity, cognitive function, microbiome-gut-brain axis, and general health

32
Q

how long does the stress hyporesponsiveness period last?

A

5-7 years old in humans, PN day 2-14

33
Q

what helps to keep infant stress low in animal models?

A

velocity of strokes and licks to the pup from mother

34
Q

what is the gut microbiome associated with in early life in terms of brain

A

brain development, brain function, emotional, cognitive, and motor function

35
Q

most important in gut microbiome of newborn

A

bifidobacteria and lactobacillus

36
Q

how are lactobacillus and bifidobacteria able to colonise the baby’s gut?

A

vaginal birth

37
Q

what component of breast milk promotes bifidobacteria?

A

human milk oligosaccarides

38
Q

what ways do the microbes in the gut signal to the brain

A

the neuroendocrine system, the immune system, and neuroactive peptides

39
Q

what are the two biggest influences on a child’s microbiome

A

antibiotics and diet

40
Q

what components of maternal nutrition influence baby

A

over/undernutrition, vitamin D status, dietary methyl donors, LCPUFA intakes, food pollutants

41
Q

what are important factors for neonatal and infant nutrition

A

formula milk, human milk, pre/probiotics

42
Q

what are the common factors influencing the infants epigenome?

A

human genome, environmental factors (stress exposure and nutrition)

43
Q

what influences a baby’s microbiome?

A

maternal microbiota, mode of delivery, maternal and infant diet, antenatal and postnatal antibiotic exposure, urban/rural environment

44
Q

give examples of effects of microbiome and brain development in germ-free mice?

A

synaptic and neural plasticity increased, decreased BDNF in areas lie the amygdala, cortex and hippocampus, immature microglia, increased microglia, increased neurogenesis in hippocampus, increased volume in the amygdala and hippocampus, increased BBB permeability, decreased tight junction protein expression

45
Q

in germ free mice, what is reduced?

A

connections and branching in axons is reduced

46
Q

how does stress in early postnatal life affect gut brain axis?

A

altered microbiome gut-brain access

47
Q

in animal models of stress during postnatal period, how do microbiota-targeted interventions impact the altered gut-brain axis?

A

reduce visceral pain, antidepressant-like beahviour, reduced stress response, microbiota composition and diversity, spinal cord pathways changed

48
Q

how do pre/probiotics or combo of both improve neurological complications?

A

increasing the production of SCFA, neurochemicals, reducing gut permeability, and modulating the gut microbial composition, immune, metabolic, and neural properties

49
Q

what needs to be taken into account for results of pre/probiotics in studies, variance between individuals?

A

different host baseline: gender, metabolism, age

50
Q

what kind of diversity do babies need?

A

decreased microbiome diversity

51
Q

what bacteria predominate a breastfed baby’s gut?

A

bifidobacteria

52
Q

what is observed in formula-fed babies?

A

more complex microbiome

53
Q

what component of breast milk leads to promotion of bifidobacteria dominance?

A

HMOs

54
Q

what are features of bifidobacteria predominance?

A

leads to reduced pH of the intestine
inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria
indirectly increase short chain fatty acid production, provides energy for enterocytes and are key molecules for maintaining intestinal health
associated with optimal development of stress system and brain

55
Q

what does decreased intestinal pH reduce the risk of?

A

necrotizing colitis

56
Q

describe human breast milk microbiome

A

has its own microbiome, and is beneficial for the neonatal gut microbiome

57
Q

what is Milk Fat goluble membrane

A

component of breast milk, now supplemented in baby formula

58
Q

what was observed in infants fed MFGM in formula

A

infants fed MFGM supplemented formula showed improved cognitive functioning compared to those fed standard formula, it was comparable to those who were breast fed

59
Q

MFGM and visceral sensitivtiy?

A

MFGM supplemented formula reduced visceral sensitivity

60
Q

how does MFGM improve visceral sensitivity

A

it increases the threshold of both control groups and stressed(maternally separated)

61
Q

why does our gut microbiome change over time?

A

our microbiota changes over time due to the demands on our body at that time

AN4017 (7 decks)

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