Stem cell and Developing Brain

Question 1

neural stem cell fates are determined in a _ _ manner

Answer 1

spatiotemporal

Question 2

what is the neural plate is generated from what?

Answer 2

the dorsal ectoderm by neural induction

Question 3

how does the neural plate turn into the neural tube

Answer 3

detaches from the epidermis

Question 4

what type of epithelium lines the ventricle

Answer 4

pseudostratified neuroepithelium

Question 5

what is neural patterning

Answer 5

biological process by which cells in the developing nervous system acquire distinct identities according to their specific spatial positioning

Question 6

what is a major determinant of neural cell fate in the spinal cord

Answer 6

the dorsal ventral positioning

Question 7

what does the floor plate release

Answer 7

Sonic HedgeHog (Shh)

Question 8

what does the roof plate release

Answer 8

Brain morphogenic protein (BMP)

Question 9

what is a morphogen and give examples

Answer 9

secreted signalling molecule that drives the organisation of regional groups into patterns, have different cellular responses at different concentrations (ie: BMP and Shh)

Question 10

what does each cell along the DV axis have?

Answer 10

a unique molecular address

Question 11

what do motor neurons express

Answer 11

NKx6.1

Question 12

what does transcription factor does NKx6.1 induce

Answer 12

NKx6.1 induces Olig2

Question 13

what is Olig2 function

Answer 13

to induce motor neuron differentiation

Question 14

what does Olig2 activate

Answer 14

Hb9 and Isl1I2

Question 15

during asymmetric cell division how does the apical complex impact the basal complex

Answer 15

the apical complex induces movement of the basal complex to the basal pole

Question 16

the basal complex turns on genes for _____ and turns off genes for ___ and inhibits ____

Answer 16

the basal complex turns on genes for neuronal differentiation and turns off genes for proliferation and inhibits notch

Question 17

what determines the proteins inherited after cell division

Answer 17

the orientation of the mitotic spindle and the plane of cleavage

Question 18

what are radial neuroepithelial cells +ve for when undergoing symmetric cell division

Answer 18

Nestin +ve

Question 19

NECs transform into radial glial cells what do they now express and what type of cell division is occurring

Answer 19

they are now Nestin +ve and BLBP +ve and they are undergoing asymmetric cell division

Question 20

describe delta-notch signalling between two NPCs

Answer 20

2 NPCs, both equally express the ligand delta and the receptor notch. these bind to each other to repress the gene, neurogenin, which promotes neuronal cell differentiation, maintaining the NPCs as stem cells.
if there is greater signalling through the notch receptor of NPC2, neurogenin is reperssed in this cell, neurogenin-induced delta expression in NPC 2 is greatly reduced so this does not produce enough to signal through notch on NPC1 to repress neurogenin. NPC1 will express neurogenin and enter differentiation and NPC2 will remain a stem cell

Question 21

what is the dorsal-most region of the spinal cord?

Answer 21

the roof plate

Question 22

the roof plate is a ___ signalling centre

Answer 22

the roof plate is a BMP signalling centre

Question 23

what type of gradient does the roof plate establish

Answer 23

a dorso-ventral bone morphogenetic protein