Topic 5: Intro to the Brain Flashcards
A _____ is a ridge on the surface of the brain. Each ridge is surrounded by fissures known as sulci (singular: sulcus).
gyrus (plural: gyri)
The ________ makes up the largest portion of the brain and consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the contralateral side of the body.
Cerebrum
Each cerebral hemisphere has _ lobes. Each lobe is associated with various functions.
4
The ______ ______ is the 3-mm-thick outer layer of the cerebrum. It consists of grey matter. Grey matter is dominated by nuclei.
Cerebral cortex
The remainder of the cerebrum is composed of white matter (dominated by _________ tracts) with small islands of grey matter within.
Myelinated
The _____ ______ (precentral gyrus) is the part of the frontal lobe that lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It initiates voluntary contractions of individual muscles in the contralateral side of the body and is essential for the ability to perform finely graded movements.
Motor cortex
________ is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write and sign.
Aphasia
Aphasia most commonly arises from a ______, particularly in older individuals. It may also arise from head trauma, from brain tumors, or from infections.
Stroke
___________ aphasia is also called Broca’s or non-fluent aphasia. People with this pattern of aphasia struggle to get words out, speak in short sentences and omit words.
Comprehensive
The _______ _______ (aka post-central gyrus) of the parietal lobe lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus, between the frontal and occipital lobes. It receives information from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, and joints of the contralateral side of the body.
The sensory cortex
The _________ lobe interprets auditory stimuli.
Temporal
The motor and sensory cortical ________ are distorted representations of the human body. They are based on a neurological “map” of brain areas. The proportions represent the part of the brain dedicated to processing motor or sensory functions, for different parts of the body.
Homunculi
Individuals with _________’s aphasia may speak fluently in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new “words” called neologisms.
Wernicke’s
Broca’s area is associated with verbal _________, Wernicke’s area with _____________.
Broca’s area is associated with verbal expression, Wernicke’s area with comprehension.
The __________ lobe is located posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes. It interprets visual stimuli
Occipital
The ______ is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus. In most mammals, it processes the sense of disgust.
Insula
In primates, the insular cortex contains a large population of ___ ________ neurons. These neurons are believed to be involved in cognitive-emotional processes such as empathy.This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the insula is the hub of a brain network involved in empathizing with the pain of others.
von Economo
In neuroanatomy, a 1) ________ is a brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS. 2) _______ are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS.
1) Nucleus
2) Nuclei
The _____ ________ are a collection of nuclei deep to the grey matter of the cerebral cortex. They generally help in directing involuntary movements including postural proximal adjustments. This “background positioning” is necessary before fine, distal movements may take place.
Basal Ganglia
___________ is the presence of abnormal involuntary movements and/or excessive movements.
Hyperkinesia
___________ is an absence, reduction or difficulty with intended, voluntary movements.
Hypokinesia
The overall effect of the BG is ________. To sit still, you inhibit all movements except those reflexes that maintain an upright posture. To move, you dampen certain postural reflexes, and release the brake on voluntary movement.
Inhibitory
Dysfunctions often involve __________ of cerebral structures that are normally inhibited by the basal ganglia. Even small disturbances can throw the whole motor system off.
Disinhibition
__________’s _______ is the most common disorder of BG and the 2nd most common neurological disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain stem.
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
In the early stages of Parkinson’s Disease, _________ (a reduction in the expressiveness of the face) is often present.
Hypomimia
Experimental studies suggest that symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease do not appear until nearly all __________ neurons have been lost. This explains late onset of symptoms although individuals can be “diseased” for years.
Dopaminergic
The __________ is located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem.
It functions as an important centre for coordination of movements and maintenance of balance.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum constantly receives information from ____________ (muscle spindles GTOs). It makes adjustments so that the planned movements initiated from the motor cortex are successful.
Proprioceptors
T/F: Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum works contraterally.
False: The cerebellum works ipsilaterally.
An inability to coordinate the muscles usually most prominent during gait. Ataxic gait aka “drunken sailor’s gait” is an unsteady, staggering gait.
Ataxia
The amplitude of an _______ ______ increases as an extremity approaches the endpoint of deliberate and visually guided movement.
Intention Tremor
When experiencing an intention tremor, one often overshoots or undershoots their target, a condition known as ________ (the inability to perform accurate movements due to over or under projection).
Dysmetria
A(n) __________ _____ is an internal copy of an efferent, movement-producing signal generated by the motor system. It is combined with the afferent sensory input that results from the body’s actual movement, enabling a comparison of actual movement with desired movement and then a correction.
Efference copy
During effective execution of the movement, ___________ feedback will match the predicted sensory feedback at the level of a so-called ‘comparator’, (the cerebellum).
Proprioceptive
The _____ _____ is located superior to the spinal cord. It consists of the medulla oblongata (caudal), pons (intermediate) and midbrain (superior).
Brain stem
In general, the brain stem is concerned with the vital (life sustaining) functions of the ____.
ANS
The brain stem contains both motor and sensory tracts that connect the ______ _____ and various regions of the brain. It is the site of most of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei.
Spinal cord
The ________ ________ is a large part of the brain stem consisting of small areas of loosely clustered nuclei and tracts. It helps maintain consciousness, causes awakening from sleep, filters out unimportant information, and contributes to regulating muscle tone.
Reticular formation
The _______ system is a set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory.
Limbic
The ______ ________, the so-called brain’s pleasure center, plays a role in sexual arousal and the “high” derived from any sort of “addiction”.
Nucleus accumbens
The _________ plays a critical role in the formation, organization, and storage of new memories as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories. Memories are not stored here for the long term, but the it plays a role in consolidating memories during sleep.
Hippocampus
The _______ plays an important role in emotional behaviors especially fear and aggression.
Amygdala
Although ________ is generally assumed to play a minor role in humans compared to vision or audition, it is also commonly accepted that odors have a rather unique status for eliciting memories.
Olfaction
Smells are handled by the _______ ____ and via Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve) send this information to the brain for further processing.
Olfactory bulb
Odors take a direct route to the _______ system, including the amygdala and the hippocampus, the regions related to emotion and memory.
Limbic
