Topic 1: Introduction to the Nervous System

Question 1

The _______ ______ _______ is known as the “second brain” or the brain in the gut because it can operate independently of the CNS.

Answer 1

Enteric Nervous System

Question 2

T/F: the enteric nervous system has also been called the “first brain” based on evidence suggesting that the ENS evolved before the CNS.

Answer 2

True!

Question 3

Despite the known role of the ENS in generating motor activity in the ______, observing ENS neurons in action has been a challenge.

Answer 3

Colon

Question 4

All cells can be grouped into 4 main types of ________ (a group of similar cells).

Answer 4

Tissues

Question 5

More complex structures known as _______, consist of several tissue types. ________ that share a common purpose are grouped into systems.

Answer 5

Organs

Question 6

Nervous tissue is composed of ______ cells and ______ cells. Nerve cells are also known as neurons.

Answer 6

Nerve cells and glial cells

Question 7

Nerve cells are the functional units of the nervous system. They are able to conduct electrical impulses (signals) a.k.a. ______ _________.

Answer 7

action potentials

Question 8

______ cells or ______ assist the propagation of the nerve impulse, provide nutrients to the neurons, and protect them.

Answer 8

Glial cells, or glia.

Question 9

A multipolar neuron has many “poles” or processes (_______ and _______) and a cell body (_____).

Answer 9

“poles” or processes (dendrites and axons) 
cell body (soma).

Question 10

The soma connects to the __________, which bring information into the neuron.

Answer 10

Dendrites

Question 11

The cell body tapers to become the _____, which sends information to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Answer 11

Axon

Question 12

Axon _________ are branches of an axon that make synaptic connections with another nerve cell or with an effector cell (e.g., muscle cell or gland cell).

Answer 12

Terminals

Question 13

Unipolar neurons have one “pole” coming off the cell body. They are always attached to a _________ ________ at their distal end (farthest from the CNS).

Answer 13

Sensory receptor

Question 14

A sensory receptor converts stimuli, for example touch, into electrical impulses that are carrying incoming (_______) signals into the central nervous system (CNS).

Answer 14

Afferent

Question 15

T/F: Bipolar neurons are by far the most common

Answer 15

False: They are the least common. One notable example is the Von Economo Neuron.

Question 16

___ ______ _______s are a specific class of mammalian neurons found in the brain. They are large cells that allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants, and cetaceans. These fast- processing neurons evolved in relation to emerging social behaviors in highly intelligent mammals.

Answer 16

Von Economo Neurons

Question 17

____________ is the perception of sensations from inside the body and includes heartbeat, respiration, satiety, as well as the ANS activity related to emotions.

Answer 17

Interoception

Question 18

The ________ is a neural hub for processing visceral and interoceptive information.

Answer 18

Insula

Question 19

Soft touch refers to the stimulation of _ _______ ________ and activates the insula. Soft touch utilizes a separate neural pathway, allowing the body to separate the “noise” of outward stimuli from stimuli that evokes an affective feeling.

Answer 19

C tactile afferents

Question 20

The _______ ______ _______ (ACC) plays a significant role in motivation and the creation of an emotion. Many interoceptive tasks activate the insula and ACC together, specifically tasks that elicit strong aversive feeling states like physical and emotional pain.

Answer 20

The anterior cingulate cortex

Question 21

The ________ is the site of communication between two neurons.

Answer 21

Synapse

Question 22

The synaptic cleft is the gap between 2 neurons that the neurotransmitters have to cross in order to continue the propagation of the ______ ________.

Answer 22

Action potential

Question 23

A ____________ is the chemical molecule that moves from one neuron to the next at the synapse.

Answer 23

Neurotransmitter

Question 24

______________ is a neurotransmitter that plays several important roles in the brain and body. The brain includes several distinct ___________ pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.

Answer 24

Dopamine

Question 25

__________’s disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons.

Answer 25

Parkinson’s

Question 26

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a network of

__ nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system, CNS) to the entire human body.

Answer 26

43

Question 27

Nerves are bundles of ______ in the PNS.

Answer 27

Axons

Question 28

Axons are also called ______ ______s.

Answer 28

Nerve fibres

Question 29

The nerves of the PNS control the functions of _______, _________, and _____ __________. They are fragile and can be damaged easily.

Answer 29

Sensation, movement, and motor coordination

Question 30

The peripheral nerves consist of _____ and ______ nerves.

Answer 30

Cranial and spinal nerves

Question 31

The _______ nerve supplies sensations to the face and other structures of the head.

Answer 31

Trigeminal

Question 32

The trigeminal nerve has 3 divisions, the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The _________ division is also the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication which include the masseter and temporalis.

Answer 32

Mandibular

Question 33

_________ ________ (CN 5 / V) is one of the most painful afflictions known. The typical form causes extreme, sporadic, sudden shock-like (paroxysmal) facial pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed. The pain episodes last from a few seconds to as long as two minutes. These attacks can occur in quick succession lasting as long as two hours.

Answer 33

Trigeminal neuralgia

Question 34

Trigeminal neuralgia is often called “____ _________” because of muscle tics that accompany the pain.

Answer 34

“tic douloureux”

Question 35

CN XI aka the ________ Nerve is motor to sternocleidomastoid (SCM) & trapezius.

Answer 35

Accessory

Question 36

Patients with ________ _______ (wry neck) present with the head twisted to the affected side and the chin pointed toward the opposite shoulder.

Answer 36

Acquired torticollis

Question 37

The ______ _______ (CN VII) is efferent to the muscles of facial expression, lacrimal (tear) glands and two salivary glands.

Answer 37

The Facial Nerve

Question 38

____’s ______ is a form of flaccid paralysis of CN VII.

Answer 38

Bell’s palsy

Question 39

_______ paralysis is paralysis in which muscle tone is lacking in the affected muscle. (Spastic paralysis is paralysis with sustained spasm of the affected muscles).

Answer 39

Flaccid

Question 40

Bell’s Palsy develops suddenly and is usually _________. It may be due to edema, viral infections, trauma, or pressure from a tumor. Many people start recovering in about 3 weeks, even without treatment.

Answer 40

Unilateral

Question 41

The _____ ______ (CN X) supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs (except the adrenal glands), from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon.

Answer 41

The Vagus Nerve

Question 42

Spinal nerves are bundles of nerve fibers connected to the spinal cord. They supply all the areas of the body except the ____ and ____ region. All spinal nerves are mixed nerves.

Answer 42

Head and neck.

Question 43

_____ nerve entrapment at the elbow can occur when there is prolonged stretching of the nerve by keeping the elbow fully bent or when there is direct pressure on the nerve from leaning the elbow against a solid surface.

Answer 43

Ulnar

Question 44

Repeated shifting can cause irritation of the ulnar nerve. The term “_____ _____ ________” describes the chronic conditions of subluxation (dislocation) and relocation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow with flexion and extension. Recurrent subluxation of the nerve at the elbow results in neuritis

Answer 44

“ulnar nerve instability”

Question 45

_____ ______ (also known as neural flossing or nerve stretching) are exercises that aim to restore mobilization of our peripheral nerves. When a nerve is injured, it will not be able to glide normally through the surrounding sheath which can cause a sharp pain.

Answer 45

Nerve glides

Question 46

______ ______ ________ is a result of compression of the Median Nerve in the carpal tunnel. This problem often presents as numbness and tingling in the thumb, index, middle and half of the ring finger.

Answer 46

Carpal Tunnel Syndrom