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T2 Neurology > Topic 2: Neuroglia > Flashcards

Topic 2: Neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

Glia, also called glial cells or neuroglia, are the non-neuron components of the nervous system. Glia do not produce ______ ________.

A

Electrical impulses

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2
Q

Glia were discovered by a scientist in search of “______ _______” in the brain. He gave these non-neurons the term “glia” which means glue.

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

In the ___, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia, and in the ___ include Schwann cells.

A

In the CNS, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia, and in the PNS include Schwann cells.

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4
Q

_______ is a mixture of proteins and lipids forming an insulating sheath around many nerve fibers.

A

Myelin

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5
Q

Myelin increases the speed at which ________ are conducted.

A

Impulses

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6
Q

_______ ______ are myelin-producing cells of the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

Peripheral nerves are composed of bundles of parallel nerve axons, embedded within multilayers of connective tissues (CT). The ___________ is CT that wraps around the axons and is bundled into fascicles by the perineurium. The _________ is the sheath of CT surrounding a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers within a nerve.

A

The endoneurium is CT that wraps around the axons and is bundled into fascicles by the perineurium.

The perineurium is the sheath of CT surrounding a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers within a nerve.

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8
Q

The ________ is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It usually surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve. Smaller branches of these blood vessels penetrate into the perineurium.

A

Epineurium

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9
Q

A peripheral nerve requires a(n) ____________ blood supply to function.

A

Uninterupted

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10
Q

Blood is supplied to nerves only by a delicate capillary network in the endoneurium called the ____ ________.

A

vasa nervorum.

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11
Q

_______ is deficient supply of blood to a body part that is due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood, as by the narrowing of arteries by spasm or disease.

A

Ischemia

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12
Q

A complete Schwann cell, including the cell body (soma) wraps around a(n) ______.

A

Axon

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13
Q

Since fat inhibits the propagation of electricity, the signals jump from one gap to the next. The gaps are called nodes of ______.

A

Ranvier

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14
Q

_________ degeneration is an active process of degeneration that results when a peripheral nerve fiber is cut or crushed. The axon distal to the injury (farther from the neuron’s cell body) degenerates.

A

Wallerian

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15
Q

_____________ in the PNS occurs to a significant degree. Injury to the peripheral nerve immediately elicits the migration of Schwann cells and macrophages to the lesion site. They clear away debris such as damaged tissue which is inhibitory to regeneration.

A

Neuroregeneration

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16
Q

Macrophages and Schwann cells also release ___________ factors that enhance re-growth. Schwann cells grow in ordered columns and create a band of so -called Büngner cells that direct axon growth back to the correct targets.

A

Neurotrophic

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17
Q

The proximal axons are able to regrow as long as the cell body is intact, and they have contacted the Schwann cells. Human axon growth rates can reach _ mm/day in small nerves and _ mm/day in large nerves.

A

2 mm/day in small nerves and 5 mm/day in large nerves.

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18
Q

_________ is the mildest form of nerve injury. It is classified as a transient conduction block of motor or sensory function without nerve degeneration. Loss
of motor function is the most common finding. Patients are generally able to fully recover within a period of weeks to months.

A

Neuropraxia

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19
Q

_________ means that the axons and their myelin sheath are damaged, but the surrounding connective tissue remain intact. The complete recovery time of the injury varies from 1 week to 6 months.

A

Axonotmesis

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20
Q

__________ occurs when a nerve, along with its surrounding connective tissue becomes completely disconnected. While partial recovery may occur, complete recovery is impossible.

A

Neurotmesis

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21
Q

_____________ are myelin-producing cells in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

One oligodendrocyte forms segments of myelin sheaths of about __ neurons at once.

A

30

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23
Q

_______ ________ is a disease that attacks oligodendrocytes. Canada has one of the highest rates of this disease in the world, with an estimated 77,000 Canadians living with the disease. While it is most often diagnosed in young adults aged 20 to 49, younger children and older adults are also diagnosed with the disease.

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

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24
Q

T/F: Unlike PNS injury damage to the CNS is not followed by extensive regeneration.

A

True

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25
Q

Many factors contribute to the formation of a “_____ ____” across which axons cannot grow.

A

“glial scar”

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26
Q

__________ are immune system cells that recognize, engulf, and destroy infected, damaged, or dead cells.

A

Macrophages

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27
Q

_________ are the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS.

A

Microglia

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28
Q

Microglia facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the _____.

A

Brain

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29
Q

_________ are substances released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells.

A

Cytokines

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30
Q

Pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines can be transported into the brain via the _____ (humoral pathway) or by the vagus (CN X) nerve (neural pathway).

A

Blood

31
Q

_____________ driven by microglial cells show few if any of the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation \ pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function (SHARP).

A

Neuroinflammation

32
Q

________ secretion by microglia, for example glutamate, is aimed at destroying infected neurons, viruses, and bacteria, but can also cause large amounts of collateral damage to healthy neurons.

A

Cytotoxic

33
Q

The consequences of microglial _____-_______ following immune challenge are exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, depressive-like behavior, and cognitive deficits.

A

Hyper-activation

34
Q

In the aged, there is an increase in ___-_________ __________ and an increase of inflammatory receptors on microglia. These microglia are referred to as primed, reactive, or sensitized.

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

35
Q

Neuroinflammation results in “____-_________ __________” or reactive microgliosis. And this may be an underlying mechanism of progressive neuron damage across numerous neurodegenerative diseases, regardless of the instigating stimuli.

A

Self-perpetuating neurotoxicity

36
Q

__________ are a diverse group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. Recent studies indicate that consuming them may improve cognitive function by inhibiting neuroinflammation and mitigating activated microglia.

A

Flavonoids

37
Q

__________ can regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation of brain blood vessels and astrocyte activity is linked to blood flow in the brain.

A

Astrocytes

38
Q

Functional ______ ________ ________ measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

39
Q

Astrocytes can also recycle __________ released during synaptic transmission.

A

Neurotransmitters

40
Q

Astrocytes can signal each other using ___ via gap junctions.

A

ATP

41
Q

Complex filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries.

A

The Blood Brain Barrier

42
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier limits harmful substances for example, glutamate. Excess glutamate, a NT, causes cells to become overexcited and die. This process is called ___________.

A

Excitotoxicity

43
Q

T/F: The BBB is immune to high blood pressure, exposure to radiation, exposure to infectious agents, trauma, ischemia, inflammation.

A

False, it can be broken down by these things.

44
Q

The blood protein _______ can leak into the brain via a damaged BBB leadings to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons, and epileptic seizures.

A

Albumin

45
Q

The brain consists of about 80% water. __________s store most of the brain’s CNS intracellular water. They function as storage tanks for times of water scarcity.

A

Astrocytes

46
Q

Dehydration is a common medical problem in seniors. It is a contributing factor for __________ which is a strong risk factor for dementia.

A

Delirium

47
Q

T/F: Dementia is caused by acute illness or drug toxicity and is often reversible. Delirium is typically caused by anatomic changes in the brain, has slower onset, and is generally irreversible.

A

False: Delirium caused by acute illness or drug toxicity and is often reversible.
Dementia is typically caused by anatomic changes in the brain, has slower onset, and is generally irreversible.

48
Q

The process of aging seems to undo the evolutionary advantage of “portable water” as elderly individuals are known to lose their fluid reservoirs by age- related decrease in both ______ mass (a huge reservoir for the body) and astrocytes.

A

Muscle mass

49
Q

Water has been known to play a major role in protein conformational dynamics. In order to become biologically active new proteins must fold along specific planes like paper in the ancient Japanese art of origami. _________ protein aggregates have now been shown to be involved in many neurocognitive disorders.

A

Misfolded

50
Q

Astrocytes have processes which wrap around neurons to form a “_________ _______” (presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte).

A

“tripartite synapse”

51
Q

____________ refers to structural changes in the brain in response to new situations, the environment, thinking, emotions, as well as to changes that result from bodily injury.

A

Neuroplasticity

52
Q

_______ pain is an unfortunate product of neural plasticity.

A

Chronic

53
Q

Neuroplasticity can lead to:

1) __________ (a heightened response to painful stimuli) and
2) _______ (a painful response to a normally non-painful stimulus).

A

1) hyperalgesia (a heightened response to painful stimuli) and
2) allodynia (a painful response to a normally non-painful stimulus).

54
Q

Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain. They filter the blood to produce _________ ______.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

55
Q

CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a ____ __ ___ ____.

A

Blow to the Head

56
Q

The normal total volume of CSF is ___-____ ml.

The normal total production of CSF is about ___-___ ml/day.

A

The normal total volume of CSF is 125-150 ml.

The normal total production of CSF is about 400-500 ml/day.

57
Q

Under some pathological conditions, CSF builds up in the brain, a condition called _____________.

A

Hydrocephalus

58
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the space of the __________ CNS, protecting it and transporting hormones.

A

Subarachnoid

59
Q

The ________s are 3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine

A

Meninges

60
Q

____ _____ is the tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges. This mater has two layers. The outer layer anchors the dura to the skull.

A

Dura mater

61
Q

The ________ ________ (mater) refers to a delicate spider web-like network of collagen fibers.

A

The arachnoid membrane

62
Q

The ___ _____ is the inner, delicate, vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adheres to the brain.

A

Pia mater

63
Q

The __________ _____ is the web-like space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

A

Subarachnoid space

64
Q

__________ is an inflammation of the meninges. It can occur when CSF fluid surrounding the meninges becomes infected.

A

Meningitis

65
Q

The most common causes of meningitis are _____ and ________ _______s. Symptoms include neck stiffness, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion.

A

Viral and bacterial infections

66
Q

A ______ ________, also called a spinal tap, is an invasive outpatient procedure used to remove a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space.

A

Lumbar puncture

67
Q

Under normal circumstances the dura mater adheres to the skull and arachnoid membrane with no intervening spaces. However, _________s (localized masses of extravasated blood, usually clotted) can occur in subdural and epidural spaces.

A

Hematomas

68
Q

The increase in ________ ________ from a hematoma can lead to fatal brain tissue damage.

A

Intracranial Pressure

69
Q

Symptoms of a ________ hematoma include severe headache, deterioration of consciousness and motor dysfunction.

A

Cerebral

70
Q

A blow to the skull can create a(n) _________ hematoma between the skull and the dura if it causes a fracture that transects a blood vessel.

A

Epidural

71
Q

A ________ hematoma is more common in elderly brains because of the shrinkage that occurs with aging.

A

Subdural

72
Q

________ stretches and weakens veins and they are more likely to break in the elderly, even after a minor head injury.

A

Shrinkage

73
Q

A ______ subdural hematoma is an “old” collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura.

A

Chronic

74
Q

_________ is a treatment used for epidural and subdural hematomas. It is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled in the skull. (It is also performed by a physician through a fingernail or toenail to relieve the pain associated with a subungual hematoma).

A

Trepanation

T2 Neurology (5 decks)

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