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GCSE Biology - Edexcel > Topic 5- Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5- Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cell structure is found in plant and animal cells but not in bacterial cells?

A

nucleus

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2
Q

Give one example of a disease that can be caught from another person.

A

any communicable/infectious disease, e.g. flu or a cold

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3
Q

Give an example of a disease that is not passed from person to person.

A

any non-communicable disease, e.g. cancer, diabetes

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4
Q

Name a type of organism that can cause disease.

A

any one from: bacterium, virus, protist, fungus

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5
Q

Suggest one way in which infectious diseases are spread.

A

any suitable method, e.g. by sneezing, in air, in water, by touching faeces

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6
Q

What might a doctor give to someone who has a bacterial disease?

A

antibiotic

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7
Q

Give one symptom of flu.

A

any one from: high temperature/fever, aches, runny nose, sore throat

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8
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

protect against infection

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9
Q

Which term describes bacteria that are not harmed by an antibiotic?

A

antibiotic resistant

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10
Q

Describe one thing you can do to stay healthy.

A

any suitable answer such as: avoid infection, get regular exercise, eat a good diet, avoid stress

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11
Q

Is alcoholic liver cirrhosis a communicable or non-communicable disease?

A

non-communicable

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12
Q

Which type of disease is passed from parent to offspring in their genes?

A

genetic disease

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13
Q

What causes malnutrition?

A

a poor diet/diet without the right balance of nutrients

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14
Q

What causes a deficiency disease?

A

not getting enough of a nutrient from food

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15
Q

Give one example of a deficiency disease.

A

any suitable answer such as anaemia, kwashiorkor, scurvy

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16
Q

Give an example of a lifestyle factor that is linked to disease.

A

any suitable answer such as diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption

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17
Q

If the amount of alcohol a person drinks increases, how will their risk of liver disease change?

A

increase

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18
Q

What is the function of the liver that makes it particularly likely to be damaged by alcohol?

A

It breaks down toxic substances including alcohol.

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19
Q

Describe one problem that alcohol consumption causes for society.

A

any suitable answer such as cost of treating people with liver disease, loss of working days, increased risk of deaths by drink driving

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20
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

disease of the heart and/or circulatory system

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21
Q

Is cardiovascular disease communicable or non-communicable?

A

non-communicable

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22
Q

Name two ways of measuring obesity.

A

BMI and waist : hip ratio

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23
Q

How does diet affect obesity?

A

Eating too much increases mass/obesity.

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24
Q

How does exercise affect obesity?

A

More exercise can decrease obesity.

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25
Q

How is obesity correlated with cardiovascular disease?

A

Increasing obesity increases the risk of disease.

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26
Q

How is smoking tobacco correlated with cardiovascular disease?

A

The more a person smokes, the greater the person’s risk of cardiovascular disease.

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27
Q

Name two different types of treatment for cardiovascular disease.

A

any two from: bypass surgery or stent as to prevent blood clots or reduce blood pressure; lifestyle changes smoking, increasing exercise or changing diet

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28
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that causes disease in/harms the body

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29
Q

Are diseases caused by pathogens communicable or non-communicable?

A

communicable

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30
Q

Which type of pathogen is HIV?

A

virus

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31
Q

Which type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

protist

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32
Q

Which species is affected by chalara dieback?

A

ash trees

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33
Q

Which type of pathogen causes cholera?

A

bacterium

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34
Q

Which organ does tuberculosis damage?

A

lungs

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35
Q

Which pathogen causes haemorrhagic fever?

A

Ebola virus

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

damage to blood and liver, fever

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37
Q

What are the symptoms of infection by Helicobacter?

A

stomach ulcers

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38
Q

How can the spread of chalara dieback be reduced or prevented?

A

by destroying infected wood

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39
Q

Why does killing mosquitoes help prevent malaria?

A

It stops the malaria pathogen being spread.

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40
Q

Which type of pathogen can cause stomach ulcers?

A

bacterium, Helicobacter

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41
Q

Which type of pathogen causes Ebola?

A

virus

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42
Q

How is Ebola spread?

A

contact with infected body fluids

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43
Q

How can the spread of cholera be reduced or prevented?

A

avoid drinking infected water/boil or treat water to kill the cholera pathogen

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44
Q

How could the spread of tuberculosis be reduced or prevented?

A

by isolating infected people

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45
Q

Which term is used for organisms that spread disease from one host to another?

A

vector

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46
Q

Which organism carries the pathogen that causes malaria from one host to another?

A

mosquito

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47
Q

How does the malarial pathogen get into its host?

A

mosquito sucks human blood

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48
Q

Name one part of a bacterium that is not found in virus particles.

A

cell surface membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm, etc.

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49
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

take over replication processes in cells

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50
Q

Triple only- Which two parts are found in all viruses?

A

capsid/protein coat, genetic material

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51
Q

Triple only-What can be found in all viruses, bacteria, plant cells and animal cells?

A

genetic material/genes

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52
Q

Triple only- Put these in order of size, starting with the largest: bacterium, virus, animal cell.

A

animal cell, bacterium, virus

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53
Q

Triple only-Name one example of a virus.

A

any suitable virus, e.g. HIV, flu, measles, Ebola

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54
Q

Triple only-Why do viruses need to infect cells?

A

to make more viruses/replicate

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55
Q

Triple only-Some viruses have two pathways in their life cycle. In which pathway is the virus’ genetic material inserted into the cell’s genetic material?

A

lysogenic

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56
Q

Triple only- In which pathway are cells damaged or destroyed as new viruses leave them?

A

lytic

57
Q

Triple only- What is the formula for calculating the cross-sectional area of a cylinder?

A

πr2

58
Q

Triple only- Which outer layer of leaves and stems can help to keep pathogens out of plant tissues?

A

cuticle

59
Q

Triple only- Name one medicine used to treat human illness that has been developed from a substance taken from plants.

A

to treat human illness that has been developed from a substance taken from any suitable medicine, such as: aspirin, morphine, artemisinin

60
Q

Triple only- Which outer layer of leaves is a physical barrier to plant pathogens?

A

cuticle

61
Q

Triple only- Name a physical barrier that all plant cells have to pathogens.

A

cell wall

62
Q

Triple only- Name one chemical defence that plants use against pests or pathogens.

A

any one suitable, e.g. poison, repellent

63
Q

Triple only-Which disease is the plant substance artemisinin used to treat?

A

malaria

64
Q

Name one symptom of disease that the medicine aspirin is used to relieve.

A

any one suitable, e.g. reduce fever, soothe aches, painkiller

65
Q

Triple only- Which term describes methods used to kill microorganisms on equipment before carrying out experiments with bacteria, fungi or cells?

A

aseptic techniques

66
Q

Triple only- Which piece of equipment could be used to kill microorganisms on glassware or in growth media?

A

autoclave

67
Q

Triple only- Describe one way that you could keep unwanted microorganisms out of Petri dishes and culture vials during an experiment.

A

keep them covered

68
Q

Triple only- What is a visible symptom of chalara ash dieback disease?

A

lesions on bark, or crown dieback

69
Q

Triple only- Apart from disease, what could cause a plant’s leaves to go yellow?

A

any suitable answer involving an environmental cause, such as drought, flooding, too much heat, lack of a nutrient

70
Q

Which barrier to infection covers the body?

A

skin

71
Q

Why does that barrier protect against infection?

A

thick/difficult for pathogens to get through

72
Q

How are trapped pathogens moved out of the lungs?

A

movement of cilia

73
Q

How does the chemical defence in the stomach help to protect against infection?

A

It is highly acidic, which kills many pathogens.

74
Q

Which chemical defence against infection is found in tears and saliva?

A

lysozyme

75
Q

How does this chemical defence protect against infection?

A

The enzyme breaks down bacterial cell walls.

76
Q

How are Chlamydia and HIV transmitted?

A

sexually transmitted infections/STIs

77
Q

Explain one way that the spread of Chlamydia or HIV could be reduced or prevented.

A

any answer that indicates prevention of contact with sexual fluids, or infected breast milk to a baby

78
Q

Which type of blood cell is important in the immune response?

A

white blood cell/lymphocyte

79
Q

What name is given to the molecules on pathogens that the immune system responds to?

A

antigen

80
Q

Which cells are left in the blood after an infection has been cleared?

A

memory lymphocytes

81
Q

What is the function of the cells left in the blood after infection?

A

to protect against further infection by the same pathogen

82
Q

Does immunity to one pathogen make you immune to other pathogens?

A

no [usually]

83
Q

Give two ways that a secondary response differs from a primary response to an infection.

A

faster and much larger production of antibodies

84
Q

Which name is given to the inactive form of a pathogen used in immunisation?

A

vaccine

85
Q

Why are people immunised against diseases?

A

to stop them being ill if they are infected with particular pathogens

86
Q

Which medicines are used to treat infections caused by bacteria?

A

antibiotics

87
Q

When possible new medicines are being developed, what are they tested on in the first stage of testing?

A

cell/tissue cultures

88
Q

Why can antibiotics help to cure bacterial infections?

A

they kill bacteria/inhibit bacterial growth

89
Q

Why don’t antibiotics have the same effect on human cells as they have on bacteria?

A

different structure/processes

90
Q

Why can antibiotics not be used against viral infections?

A

viruses have no cell processes

91
Q

Name one type of white blood cell that attacks bacteria.

A

lymphocyte/phagocyte

92
Q

Given one reason why new medicines are first tested on cell or tissue cultures.

A

any one from: to make sure they are safe/get into cells/help diseased cells get better

93
Q

Which type of organism are the clinical stages of testing carried out on?

A

humans/people

94
Q

Which name is given to the unintended effects of a medicine, some of which may be harmful?

A

side effects

95
Q

What are badgers the vector for?

A

Badgers are a vector for Tuberculosis because they spread it to cattle.

96
Q

What is malaria and carried by what vector?

A

Malaria is a disease carried by a mosquito vector.

97
Q

What is AIDS caused by? What pathogen?

A

AIDS is caused by the viral pathogen, HIV.

98
Q

What is Ash dieback caused by? What pathogen?

A

Ash dieback is caused by a fungal pathogen.

99
Q

How can you stop the spread of chlorea?

A

Sterilizing water can stop the spread of diseases like cholera.

100
Q

What does barrier contraception protect you from?

A

Barrier contraception reduces the spread of sexually transmitted diseases but not oral contraception.

101
Q

How is Tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Tuberculosis is often transmitted through the air.

102
Q

How is Cholrea transmitted?

A

Cholera is an example of a disease transmitted though dirty water.

103
Q

What type of pathogen causes tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial pathogen.

104
Q

What type of pathogen causes AIDS?

A

HIV the viral pathogen.

105
Q

What is a symptom of cholera?

A

Diarrhoea is a symptom of cholera.

106
Q

What is a symptom of tuberculosis?

A

Lung damage is a symptom of tuberculosis.

107
Q

Which plant has evolved dropping leaves to stop it being eaten?

A

Mimosa pudica plants have evolved to drop their leaves.

108
Q

What plants are aphids often found on?

A

Aphids are often found on roses. Orchids can have other pathogens like the tiny insect called scale.

109
Q

Why is leaf damage so serious for plants?

A

Leaf damage is so serious for plants because photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. Respiration does occur in leaves but also in all parts of plants.

110
Q

Which pathogen or pest causes stunted growth?

A

Mealybugs often cause stunted growth. Ash dieback causes leaf loss and bark lesions.

111
Q

Which plant has antimicrobial properties?

A

Mint has evolved antimicrobial properties.

112
Q

Which molecules neutralise substances produced by pathogens?

A

Antitoxins neutralise chemicals (toxins) produced by pathogens. Antibodies help clump pathogens together.

113
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.

114
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Goblet cells line the airways and produce mucus to trap pathogens.

115
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes after exposure to a pathogen. Lymphocytes do not produce antigens.

116
Q

What do phagocytes produce to destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytes produce enzymes to destroy pathogens. Bile is produced by your liver to emulsify fats and neutralise stomach acid.

117
Q

What term describes a link between a factor and a corresponding disease?

A

A correlation is a link between a factor and a corresponding disease.

118
Q

What part of pathogens do antibodies bind to?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens. Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf pathogens.

119
Q

What are myeloma cells?

A

Cancerous white blood cells

120
Q

What type of cells are removed from a mouse to make monoclonal antibodies?

A

Spleen cell are removed from a mouse to make monoclonal antibodies. White blood cells make antibodies.

121
Q

What cells are fused to make hybridoma cells?

A

Hybridoma cells are made from the fusion of a spleen cell and a myeloma cell. Lymphocytes are white blood cells.

122
Q

What is the carcinogen in cigarettes?

A

Tar

123
Q

Which organ is able to regenerate?

A

The liver

124
Q

What type of drug is alcohol?

A

Alcohol is a depressant which slows your reactions. Stimulants like caffeine speed them up.

125
Q

Which of the following best explains how cigarettes cause lung cancer?

A

Cigarettes cause cancer due to the chemical carcinogens in the smoke. Viruses are risk factors, but are not transferred by cigarettes.

126
Q

If, in an investigation of a disease, two sets of data show a correlation, what must a scientist do to establish that it was a change in one variable that led to a change in the other?

A

Look for a possible mechanism by which one variable might affect the other

To establish that one variable causes a change in another, a possible causal mechanism must be looked for. A causal relationship cannot be assumed from a correlation.

127
Q

Which of the following is an effect of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?

A

Destruction of the alveoli is an effect of COPD. A decrease in sensitivity of the body’s cells to insulin is the cause of Type 2 diabetes.

128
Q

What is a physical barrier and an example?

A

The skin, because pathogens have have difficulty getting past it.

129
Q

What is a physical barrier and an example?

A

Lysozyme and/or tears, because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogens or makes them inactive.

130
Q

What is a physical barrier and an example?

A

Lysozyme secreted in tears, because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogens or makes them inactive.

131
Q

What is a physical barrier and an example?

A

Lysozyme secreted in tears, because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogens or makes them inactive.

132
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Vaccinating more than 95% or high enough percentage of a population so that no one can have the chance in coming into contact with an infected person will be very low.

133
Q

When testing if a new antibiotic or a vaccine is being made what are the three steps it has to follow before being used to treat patients by a doctor?

A
  1. Pre-clinical trial - shows the side effects and if the medicine can get into the cells and have the required effect.
  2. Animal testing - To see the effect on the whole body without damaging humans.
  3. Human testing - a small clinical trial, on a small number of healthy people, to check if the side effects are safe and small.
  4. A large clinical trial - to treat infected people to work out the right amount (dose). To see different human bodies react to it.
134
Q

Explain the virus: lytic pathway.

A
135
Q

Explain the virus: lysogenic pathway.

A
136
Q

Explain the steps in making monoclonal antibodies using rats.

A
137
Q

Explain the steps in the immune system attacking a pathogen.

A
138
Q

What are some diseases caused by a lack of particular nutrients?

A

GCSE Biology - Edexcel (9 decks)

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