Topic 5- Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
Which cell structure is found in plant and animal cells but not in bacterial cells?
nucleus
Give one example of a disease that can be caught from another person.
any communicable/infectious disease, e.g. flu or a cold
Give an example of a disease that is not passed from person to person.
any non-communicable disease, e.g. cancer, diabetes
Name a type of organism that can cause disease.
any one from: bacterium, virus, protist, fungus
Suggest one way in which infectious diseases are spread.
any suitable method, e.g. by sneezing, in air, in water, by touching faeces
What might a doctor give to someone who has a bacterial disease?
antibiotic
Give one symptom of flu.
any one from: high temperature/fever, aches, runny nose, sore throat
What does the immune system do?
protect against infection
Which term describes bacteria that are not harmed by an antibiotic?
antibiotic resistant
Describe one thing you can do to stay healthy.
any suitable answer such as: avoid infection, get regular exercise, eat a good diet, avoid stress
Is alcoholic liver cirrhosis a communicable or non-communicable disease?
non-communicable
Which type of disease is passed from parent to offspring in their genes?
genetic disease
What causes malnutrition?
a poor diet/diet without the right balance of nutrients
What causes a deficiency disease?
not getting enough of a nutrient from food
Give one example of a deficiency disease.
any suitable answer such as anaemia, kwashiorkor, scurvy
Give an example of a lifestyle factor that is linked to disease.
any suitable answer such as diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption
If the amount of alcohol a person drinks increases, how will their risk of liver disease change?
increase
What is the function of the liver that makes it particularly likely to be damaged by alcohol?
It breaks down toxic substances including alcohol.
Describe one problem that alcohol consumption causes for society.
any suitable answer such as cost of treating people with liver disease, loss of working days, increased risk of deaths by drink driving
What is cardiovascular disease?
disease of the heart and/or circulatory system
Is cardiovascular disease communicable or non-communicable?
non-communicable
Name two ways of measuring obesity.
BMI and waist : hip ratio
How does diet affect obesity?
Eating too much increases mass/obesity.
How does exercise affect obesity?
More exercise can decrease obesity.
How is obesity correlated with cardiovascular disease?
Increasing obesity increases the risk of disease.
How is smoking tobacco correlated with cardiovascular disease?
The more a person smokes, the greater the person’s risk of cardiovascular disease.
Name two different types of treatment for cardiovascular disease.
any two from: bypass surgery or stent as to prevent blood clots or reduce blood pressure; lifestyle changes smoking, increasing exercise or changing diet
What is a pathogen?
a microorganism that causes disease in/harms the body
Are diseases caused by pathogens communicable or non-communicable?
communicable
Which type of pathogen is HIV?
virus
Which type of pathogen causes malaria?
protist
Which species is affected by chalara dieback?
ash trees
Which type of pathogen causes cholera?
bacterium
Which organ does tuberculosis damage?
lungs
Which pathogen causes haemorrhagic fever?
Ebola virus
What are the symptoms of malaria?
damage to blood and liver, fever
What are the symptoms of infection by Helicobacter?
stomach ulcers
How can the spread of chalara dieback be reduced or prevented?
by destroying infected wood
Why does killing mosquitoes help prevent malaria?
It stops the malaria pathogen being spread.
Which type of pathogen can cause stomach ulcers?
bacterium, Helicobacter
Which type of pathogen causes Ebola?
virus
How is Ebola spread?
contact with infected body fluids
How can the spread of cholera be reduced or prevented?
avoid drinking infected water/boil or treat water to kill the cholera pathogen
How could the spread of tuberculosis be reduced or prevented?
by isolating infected people
Which term is used for organisms that spread disease from one host to another?
vector
Which organism carries the pathogen that causes malaria from one host to another?
mosquito
How does the malarial pathogen get into its host?
mosquito sucks human blood
Name one part of a bacterium that is not found in virus particles.
cell surface membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm, etc.
How do viruses replicate?
take over replication processes in cells
Triple only- Which two parts are found in all viruses?
capsid/protein coat, genetic material
Triple only-What can be found in all viruses, bacteria, plant cells and animal cells?
genetic material/genes
Triple only- Put these in order of size, starting with the largest: bacterium, virus, animal cell.
animal cell, bacterium, virus
Triple only-Name one example of a virus.
any suitable virus, e.g. HIV, flu, measles, Ebola
Triple only-Why do viruses need to infect cells?
to make more viruses/replicate
Triple only-Some viruses have two pathways in their life cycle. In which pathway is the virus’ genetic material inserted into the cell’s genetic material?
lysogenic
Triple only- In which pathway are cells damaged or destroyed as new viruses leave them?
lytic
Triple only- What is the formula for calculating the cross-sectional area of a cylinder?
πr2
Triple only- Which outer layer of leaves and stems can help to keep pathogens out of plant tissues?
cuticle
Triple only- Name one medicine used to treat human illness that has been developed from a substance taken from plants.
to treat human illness that has been developed from a substance taken from any suitable medicine, such as: aspirin, morphine, artemisinin
Triple only- Which outer layer of leaves is a physical barrier to plant pathogens?
cuticle
Triple only- Name a physical barrier that all plant cells have to pathogens.
cell wall
Triple only- Name one chemical defence that plants use against pests or pathogens.
any one suitable, e.g. poison, repellent
Triple only-Which disease is the plant substance artemisinin used to treat?
malaria
Name one symptom of disease that the medicine aspirin is used to relieve.
any one suitable, e.g. reduce fever, soothe aches, painkiller
Triple only- Which term describes methods used to kill microorganisms on equipment before carrying out experiments with bacteria, fungi or cells?
aseptic techniques
Triple only- Which piece of equipment could be used to kill microorganisms on glassware or in growth media?
autoclave
Triple only- Describe one way that you could keep unwanted microorganisms out of Petri dishes and culture vials during an experiment.
keep them covered
Triple only- What is a visible symptom of chalara ash dieback disease?
lesions on bark, or crown dieback
Triple only- Apart from disease, what could cause a plant’s leaves to go yellow?
any suitable answer involving an environmental cause, such as drought, flooding, too much heat, lack of a nutrient
Which barrier to infection covers the body?
skin
Why does that barrier protect against infection?
thick/difficult for pathogens to get through
How are trapped pathogens moved out of the lungs?
movement of cilia
How does the chemical defence in the stomach help to protect against infection?
It is highly acidic, which kills many pathogens.
Which chemical defence against infection is found in tears and saliva?
lysozyme
How does this chemical defence protect against infection?
The enzyme breaks down bacterial cell walls.
How are Chlamydia and HIV transmitted?
sexually transmitted infections/STIs
Explain one way that the spread of Chlamydia or HIV could be reduced or prevented.
any answer that indicates prevention of contact with sexual fluids, or infected breast milk to a baby
Which type of blood cell is important in the immune response?
white blood cell/lymphocyte
What name is given to the molecules on pathogens that the immune system responds to?
antigen
Which cells are left in the blood after an infection has been cleared?
memory lymphocytes
What is the function of the cells left in the blood after infection?
to protect against further infection by the same pathogen
Does immunity to one pathogen make you immune to other pathogens?
no [usually]
Give two ways that a secondary response differs from a primary response to an infection.
faster and much larger production of antibodies
Which name is given to the inactive form of a pathogen used in immunisation?
vaccine
Why are people immunised against diseases?
to stop them being ill if they are infected with particular pathogens
Which medicines are used to treat infections caused by bacteria?
antibiotics
When possible new medicines are being developed, what are they tested on in the first stage of testing?
cell/tissue cultures
Why can antibiotics help to cure bacterial infections?
they kill bacteria/inhibit bacterial growth
Why don’t antibiotics have the same effect on human cells as they have on bacteria?
different structure/processes
Why can antibiotics not be used against viral infections?
viruses have no cell processes
Name one type of white blood cell that attacks bacteria.
lymphocyte/phagocyte
Given one reason why new medicines are first tested on cell or tissue cultures.
any one from: to make sure they are safe/get into cells/help diseased cells get better
Which type of organism are the clinical stages of testing carried out on?
humans/people
Which name is given to the unintended effects of a medicine, some of which may be harmful?
side effects
What are badgers the vector for?
Badgers are a vector for Tuberculosis because they spread it to cattle.
What is malaria and carried by what vector?
Malaria is a disease carried by a mosquito vector.
What is AIDS caused by? What pathogen?
AIDS is caused by the viral pathogen, HIV.
What is Ash dieback caused by? What pathogen?
Ash dieback is caused by a fungal pathogen.
How can you stop the spread of chlorea?
Sterilizing water can stop the spread of diseases like cholera.
What does barrier contraception protect you from?
Barrier contraception reduces the spread of sexually transmitted diseases but not oral contraception.
How is Tuberculosis transmitted?
Tuberculosis is often transmitted through the air.
How is Cholrea transmitted?
Cholera is an example of a disease transmitted though dirty water.
What type of pathogen causes tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial pathogen.
What type of pathogen causes AIDS?
HIV the viral pathogen.
What is a symptom of cholera?
Diarrhoea is a symptom of cholera.
What is a symptom of tuberculosis?
Lung damage is a symptom of tuberculosis.
Which plant has evolved dropping leaves to stop it being eaten?
Mimosa pudica plants have evolved to drop their leaves.
What plants are aphids often found on?
Aphids are often found on roses. Orchids can have other pathogens like the tiny insect called scale.
Why is leaf damage so serious for plants?
Leaf damage is so serious for plants because photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. Respiration does occur in leaves but also in all parts of plants.
Which pathogen or pest causes stunted growth?
Mealybugs often cause stunted growth. Ash dieback causes leaf loss and bark lesions.
Which plant has antimicrobial properties?
Mint has evolved antimicrobial properties.
Which molecules neutralise substances produced by pathogens?
Antitoxins neutralise chemicals (toxins) produced by pathogens. Antibodies help clump pathogens together.
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
What do goblet cells produce?
Goblet cells line the airways and produce mucus to trap pathogens.
What do lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes after exposure to a pathogen. Lymphocytes do not produce antigens.
What do phagocytes produce to destroy pathogens?
Phagocytes produce enzymes to destroy pathogens. Bile is produced by your liver to emulsify fats and neutralise stomach acid.
What term describes a link between a factor and a corresponding disease?
A correlation is a link between a factor and a corresponding disease.
What part of pathogens do antibodies bind to?
Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens. Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf pathogens.
What are myeloma cells?
Cancerous white blood cells
What type of cells are removed from a mouse to make monoclonal antibodies?
Spleen cell are removed from a mouse to make monoclonal antibodies. White blood cells make antibodies.
What cells are fused to make hybridoma cells?
Hybridoma cells are made from the fusion of a spleen cell and a myeloma cell. Lymphocytes are white blood cells.
What is the carcinogen in cigarettes?
Tar
Which organ is able to regenerate?
The liver
What type of drug is alcohol?
Alcohol is a depressant which slows your reactions. Stimulants like caffeine speed them up.
Which of the following best explains how cigarettes cause lung cancer?
Cigarettes cause cancer due to the chemical carcinogens in the smoke. Viruses are risk factors, but are not transferred by cigarettes.
If, in an investigation of a disease, two sets of data show a correlation, what must a scientist do to establish that it was a change in one variable that led to a change in the other?
Look for a possible mechanism by which one variable might affect the other
To establish that one variable causes a change in another, a possible causal mechanism must be looked for. A causal relationship cannot be assumed from a correlation.
Which of the following is an effect of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?
Destruction of the alveoli is an effect of COPD. A decrease in sensitivity of the body’s cells to insulin is the cause of Type 2 diabetes.
What is a physical barrier and an example?
The skin, because pathogens have have difficulty getting past it.
What is a physical barrier and an example?
Lysozyme and/or tears, because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogens or makes them inactive.
What is a physical barrier and an example?
Lysozyme secreted in tears, because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogens or makes them inactive.
What is a physical barrier and an example?
Lysozyme secreted in tears, because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogens or makes them inactive.
What is herd immunity?
Vaccinating more than 95% or high enough percentage of a population so that no one can have the chance in coming into contact with an infected person will be very low.
When testing if a new antibiotic or a vaccine is being made what are the three steps it has to follow before being used to treat patients by a doctor?
- Pre-clinical trial - shows the side effects and if the medicine can get into the cells and have the required effect.
- Animal testing - To see the effect on the whole body without damaging humans.
- Human testing - a small clinical trial, on a small number of healthy people, to check if the side effects are safe and small.
- A large clinical trial - to treat infected people to work out the right amount (dose). To see different human bodies react to it.
Explain the virus: lytic pathway.
Explain the virus: lysogenic pathway.
Explain the steps in making monoclonal antibodies using rats.
Explain the steps in the immune system attacking a pathogen.
What are some diseases caused by a lack of particular nutrients?
