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GCSE Biology - Edexcel > Topic 2 - Cells and Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

In human cells, what is a chromosome?

A

a structure found in nuclei, containing a DNA molecule

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2
Q

What type of cell division forms two identical daughter cells?

A

mitosis

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3
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

A

interphase

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4
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle, at the end of mitosis, does the one cell divide into two?

A

cytokinesis

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5
Q

What term describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes?

A

diploid

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6
Q

Where are plant meristems found?

A

tips of plant shoots and roots [also just inside bark of trees]

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7
Q

What happens in a plant meristem?

A

Cells divide rapidly by mitosis as the plant grows

unspecialised/stem cells

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8
Q

What happens during cell differentiation?

A

Cells develop special features that help them carry out a particular function.

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9
Q

Why is cell differentiation important to plants and animals?

A

Specialised cells are more effective at carrying out different functions in the body.

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10
Q

A root hair cell is a specialised cell. What is its function?

A

to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil

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11
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

It has a long extension into the soil that increases the surface area for absorption

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12
Q

Explain how one specialisation of a xylem vessel helps it carry out its function.

A

any one from: thickened wall to prevent collapse of tube/withstand pressure of water; no cell cytoplasm and lost cell walls to form long tubes through which water flows up the plant; small holes in thick cell wall so water can pass into and out of the vessel from surrounding cells

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13
Q

Name one feature, other than mass, that could be measured to show growth in a plant.

A

any suitable measure that will show change over time, such as: height, tree girth, leaf area, number of leaves

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14
Q

Name the type of cell division that cells use to make identical copies of themselves.

A

mitosis

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15
Q

What type of cell has the ability to differentiate into specialised cells?

A

stem cell

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16
Q

In what organ system would you find nerve cells?

A

the nervous system

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17
Q

Are nerve cells diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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18
Q

What part of a nerve cell contains chromosomes?

A

nucleus

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19
Q

What part of a nerve cell makes proteins?

A

ribosomes

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20
Q

Nerve cells require a lot of energy. What cell structure would you expect them to have a lot of?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

What is a nerve cell specialised to do?

A

carry electrical signals/impulses

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22
Q

List your senses.

A

touch, hearing, sight, taste, smell, balance, temperature and plenty of others

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23
Q

State the name of one organ in the nervous system.

A

brain, spinal cord or nerves or a named sense organ

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24
Q

Triple Only- What type of cells is the brain mainly made up of?

A

neurones, nerve cells

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25
Q

Triple Only-What part of the brain controls our senses and emotions?

A

cerebral cortex)

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26
Q

Triple Only-State one thing that the cerebellum controls.

A

balance, posture or fine motor movements)

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27
Q

Triple Only-Where is the medulla oblongata in relation to the spinal cord?

A

at the top of the spinal cord

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28
Q

Triple Only-What part of the brain controls the rate of the heart?

A

medulla oblongata

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29
Q

Triple Only-What part of the brain stores our memories?

A

cerebral cortex

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30
Q

Triple Only-Apart from bundles of neurones, what else does a nerve contain?

A

blood vessels

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31
Q

Triple Only-What name is given to an electrical signal transmitted by a neurone?

A

impulse

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32
Q

Triple Only-What part of the brain controls the rate of breathing?

A

medulla oblongata

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33
Q

Triple Only-Which cerebral hemisphere receives information from the right eye?

A

left

34
Q

What type of cells detect stimuli?

A

receptor cells

35
Q

In which sense organ would you find receptor cells that detect light waves?

A

eye

36
Q

What are the electrical signals used in the nervous system called?

A

impulse

37
Q

List, in order, the organs that an impulse goes through from the hand to the brain.

A

nerve(s), spinal cord

38
Q

What are the two long ‘arms’ of a sensory neurone called?

A

dendron and axon

39
Q

List, in order, the parts of a sensory neurone that an impulse goes through.

A

dendrite, dendron, axon, axon terminal

40
Q

Why are sensory neurones so long?

A

to carry impulses quickly over long distances

41
Q

What is the name of the fatty sheath that surrounds dendrons and axons?

A

myelin sheath

42
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

speeds up transmission of impulses, insulates neurones from each other

43
Q

Where in the eye are receptor cells for light found?

A

retina

44
Q

For short-sighted people where is the distant object focused?

A

In front of the retina. The eyeball is too long.

45
Q

How can you fix short sightedness?

A

A diverging lens

46
Q

For long-sighted people where is the distant object focused?

A

Focused behind the retina because the eyeball is too short.

47
Q

How to correct long-sightedness?

A

Use a converging lens.

48
Q

How does one get cataracts?

A

A protein builds up inside the lens and makes it cloudy.

49
Q

Fix cataracts?

A

Replace the cloudy lens with a new one.

50
Q

What are wrong with colour blind people?

A

Some cones don’t work properly.

51
Q

Rods

A

Shades of light and dark

52
Q

Cones

A

The colours

53
Q

Where are the cones and rods found?

A

The retina

54
Q

What do ciliary muscles do?

A

Make the lens fatter to focus light form near objects and thinner to focus light from distant objects.

55
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Fine-tunes the focusing of the cornea.

56
Q

What does the cornea do? (Clear and colourless covering that focuses the light)

A

Bends (refracts) light rays to bring them together

57
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The dark area in the middle of the eye, and is where light enters.

58
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls the amount of light entering the eye. Constricts the pupil, decreases the diameter. Or dilates it, makes it bigger.

59
Q

What is the optic nerve? And what does it contain?

A

Connects the eye to the brain. The information of all the cones is processed into full colour vision at the back of the cerebral hemispheres.
A bundle of neurones.
It is a sensory neurone.

60
Q

What is the retina?

A

The eye is a sense organ that contains receptor cells found in a layer called the retina.

61
Q

What does the 25th percentile show on a percentile growth chart of a babies masses?

A

25% of the babies masses will be below the 25th percentile line.

62
Q

How do cancer cells and tumours occur?

A

When cells undergo uncontrollable cell division.

Growing lumps of cells are tumours that can damage the body and can result in death.

63
Q

Prophase?

A

Nucleus breaks down and spindle fibres appear.

64
Q

Metaphase?

A

At the end of it the chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell.

65
Q

Anaphase?

A

Chromosome copies are separated and moved to either end of the cell on spindle fibres

66
Q

Telophase?

A

Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei.

67
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction?

A

Strawberry plants(runners), potatoes (tubers).

68
Q

What is reproduction with one parent

A

Asexual reproduction

69
Q

Sex cells divide by what?

A

Meiosis

70
Q

What does skin cells divide by?

A

Mitosis

71
Q

Which is quicker asexual or sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual, usually chosen over sexual if can do both.

72
Q

PET scanners use and do what?

A

Gamma rays

Show the more active parts of the Brian.

73
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

They carry signals to effectors like muscles and glands.

74
Q

What do CT scans use and do?

A

X-rays

Show the shapes of structures in the brain.

75
Q

How to treat brain tumours?

A

Tumours can be killed using radiotherapy (high-energy X-ray beams) and chemotherapy (injecting drugs that kill actively dividing cells).
Can cause damage to the brain though.

76
Q

Why might the chemotherapy not work?

A

Blood-brain barrier - a natural filter that allows only certain substances to get from the blood to the brain.

77
Q

Electrical impulses travel to the spinal cord in a …

A

Reflex arc.

78
Q

Spinal cord damage can cause loss of legs and arms what is this called and are there any treatments?

A

Quadriplegia
There are no adult stem cells that can differentiate into neurones in the spinal cord, and so new neurones cannot be made to repair damage.

79
Q

What diffuses across a synapse gap?

A

Neurotransmitters

80
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A neurone meeting another neurone.

81
Q

What is Accomodation?

A

Accommodation is the process of changing lens shape in order to focus on an object as its distance from the eye changes.

82
Q

What is the fnction of platelets?

A

To clott the blood near a wound and seal it up, this also stops infection and bleeding.

GCSE Biology - Edexcel (9 decks)

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