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GCSE Biology - Edexcel > Topic 1 - Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a microscope do?

A

Makes small objects appear larger/magnifies small objects

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2
Q

What part of a microscope do you look through?

A

eyepiece lens

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3
Q

Which part of a microscope do you use to get a clear image?

A

the focusing wheel

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4
Q

If an average height person in Year 10 is magnified 600 times, how tall will they be compared to the tallest building in the world, which is 828 m tall?

A

about the same height; the Burj Khalifa, Dubai is 828 m tall

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5
Q

Put these in order of size, biggest first: atom, animal cell, cell nucleus, muscle tissue, protein molecule, water molecule

A

muscle tissue, animal cell, cell nucleus, protein molecule, water molecule, atom

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6
Q

A microscope has a ×5 eyepiece lens and a ×5 objective lens. What is the total magnification?

A

×25; 5 × 5 = 25

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7
Q

A human hair has a width of 100 μm but appears 20 mm wide in a photo. What magnification is the photo?

A

×200; 20 mm = 20 000 μm; 20 000 ÷ 100 = 200

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8
Q

How many millimetres are there in a metre?

A

1000

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9
Q

What unit is 1000 times smaller than a millimetre?

A

micrometre, μm

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10
Q

What is the unit symbol for a nanometre?

A

nm

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11
Q

What is an estimation?

A

an approximate value

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12
Q

Name one part you could find in a plant cell but not an animal cell.

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole

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13
Q

What process happens in a mitochondrion?

A

aerobic respiration

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14
Q

What is one function of a plant cell’s permanent vacuole?

A

to help keep the cell rigid/to store substances

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15
Q

In which part of a plant cell is cell sap stored?

A

vacuole

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16
Q

In which part of a cell would you find chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

When you look down a microscope, what is the area that you see called?

A

field of view

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18
Q

Why can an electron microscope detect smaller structures in cells than a light microscope?

A

it has better magnification and better resolution

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19
Q

What is a picture taken with a microscope called?

A

micrograph

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20
Q

Some microscope pictures have a small line drawn on them with information about how long the line is when unmagnified. What is this line called?

A

scale bar

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21
Q

List three sub-cellular structures that are usually found in animal cells.

A

any three from: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria,

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22
Q

List three sub-cellular structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

A

large permanent vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall

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23
Q

Which cell structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?

A

cell membrane

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24
Q

Which cell structure controls how the cell works?

A

nucleus

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25
Q

In which cell structure does respiration mainly take place?

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Which plant cell structure contains chlorophyll?

A

Chloroplast

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27
Q

What is the function of the cell structure that contains chlorophyll?

A

to capture energy from light for photosynthesis/to produce glucose using photosynthesis

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28
Q

Describe the function of the structure that surrounds plant cells, but not animal cells.

A

supports and protects the cell

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29
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

manufacture of proteins

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30
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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31
Q

A bacterium is 20 μm long. How long is it in metres?

A

0.00002 m

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32
Q

A bacterium is 5 μm wide. How wide is it in nanometres?

A

500 nm

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33
Q

What part of an animal cell controls the cell’s activities?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

What do ribosomes make?

A

Proteins

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35
Q

Name one part that a plant cell might have but an animal cell would not.

A

chloroplast, permanent large vacuole, cell wall

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36
Q

What do bacteria use to move themselves?

A

flagella

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37
Q

Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. What word describes bacterial cells?

A

Prokaryotic

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38
Q

Name one structure that an animal cell would have but a bacterial cell would not.

A

nucleus, mitochondria

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39
Q

What is this format for numbers called: A × 10n?

A

Standard form

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40
Q

What is 1 × 106 m written as an ordinary number?

A

1 000 000 m

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41
Q

Name two substances that might be found in the cytoplasm of an egg cell to provide energy.

A

carbohydrate or starch, lipid or fat or oil

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42
Q

Egg cells also contain protein. Which cell structure makes proteins?

A

ribosome

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43
Q

In which system of the body is food broken down?

A

digestive system

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44
Q

Why do we need to break food down?

A

because the molecules in food are too large to cross cell membranes

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45
Q

In which organ of the body is digested food absorbed?

A

small intestine

46
Q

Which group of molecules help to digest food?

A

Enzymes

47
Q

Give one example of the group of molecules that you named in the previous question. (Enzymes)

A

any suitable example, such as amylase, protease, lipase

48
Q

What does a sperm cell use enzymes for?

A

to digest a path through the jelly coat of the egg cell

49
Q

Do plants contain enzymes?

A

yes – they control many reactions inside plant cells
anywhere a reaction takes place

50
Q

Why are proteins and carbohydrates examples of polymers?

A

They are made up of many similar molecules/monomers.

51
Q

Which monomers make up starch?

A

Glucose

52
Q

Which monomers make up a protein?

A

amino acids

53
Q

Are enzymes carbohydrates, proteins or lipids?

A

proteins

54
Q

Which group of substances are fats and oils examples of?

A

lipids

55
Q

Name one food that contains a lot of starch.

A

any suitable example such as: potato, pasta, bread, rice

56
Q

What effect does the enzyme amylase have on starch?

A

breaks it down to small sugars/maltose

57
Q

Food provides nutrients for growth. What else is it a source of, which we need for activity?

A

energy

58
Q

Which cell structures break down molecules from food to release energy?

A

mitochondria

59
Q

What are the subunits (small molecules) that make up carbohydrates?

A

simple sugars, e.g. glucose

60
Q

Which two kinds of subunits form lipids (fats and oils)?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

Which kind of large biological molecule are enzymes?

A

Proteins

62
Q

Which subunits make up enzymes?

A

Amino acids

63
Q

Amylase is a kind of enzyme. Where is it found in humans?

A

mouth/salivary glands and small intestine/pancreas

64
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A molecule that speeds up the rate of a reaction

65
Q

Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?

A

They are molecules found inside living organisms that speed up the rate of reactions.

66
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule that is changed in a reaction

67
Q

What is the substrate for amylase?

A

starch

68
Q

Starch synthase is an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of starch. Explain what this means.

A

The enzyme combines with subunits/small sugar molecules and helps them join together to form starch.

69
Q

What are the subunits of enzymes?

A

amino acids

70
Q

Why do different enzymes have different 3D shapes?

A

The amino acids are arranged in a different order in different proteins.

71
Q

Which kind of large organic molecule does a protease digest?

A

proteins

72
Q

Which kind of enzyme would break down a food stain made by sunflower oil?

A

lipase

73
Q

What is the name of the part of an enzyme into which the substrate fits?

A

active site

74
Q

Why do most enzymes only work with one substrate?

A

Only substrates with the same shape as the active site can sit in the site and take part in the reaction.

75
Q

Enzymes are specific to their substrate. What does this mean?

A

The enzyme will only work with particular substrates – those substrates that have the right shape.

76
Q

Which term describes an enzyme in which the active site has permanently changed shape?

A

denatured

77
Q

What effect does a large change of shape of an enzyme’s active site have on how the enzyme works?

A

The enzyme no longer works.

78
Q

Give two examples of changes in the cell environment that could cause the active site to change shape.

A

pH, temperature

79
Q

Which cell structure surrounds every kind of cell?

A

cell surface membrane

80
Q

What is the function of this cell structure?

A

to control what enters and leaves the cell

81
Q

Name one gas that a cell needs to take in from its surroundings, and explain your answer.

A

oxygen needed for respiration/to release energy in mitochondria; carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis

82
Q

Name one other substance that a cell needs to take in from its surroundings, and explain your answer.

Not oxygen or Carbon dioxide.

A

any suitable answer, such as glucose/sugar needed for respiration

83
Q

Carbon dioxide is produced inside a cell and moves out of the cell by diffusion. What does this mean?

A

there is an overall movement of gas particles from where there are more of them to where there are fewer

84
Q

Name one other substance that is made inside a cell and leaves the cell.

A

any suitable substance, such as enzymes or hormones that are secreted

85
Q

Name two substances that plants take in from the soil through their roots.

A

water and dissolved mineral salts

86
Q

There is a 5% sucrose solution and a 10% sucrose solution. Which solution has the higher concentration of sucrose?

A

10% solution

87
Q

Two beakers contain the same volume of solution. One is a 10% sodium chloride solution, the other is a 5% sodium chloride solution. Which beaker contains more water molecules?

A

5% solution

88
Q

What three things increase the enzyme rate of reaction?

A

Temperature, pH and Substrate concentration.

89
Q

How the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on Temperature.

A
90
Q

How the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on pH.

A
91
Q

How the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on Substrate concentration.

A
92
Q

How to to calculate the percentage change in mass?

A

(final mass - initial mass)/initial mass x 100

93
Q

define diffusion?

A

The overall net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. A passive process, requires no energy, down the concentration gradient.

94
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The overall net movement of water particles from a more dilute solute ( more water molecules) to a more concentrated solution of solute (less water molecules) through a partially permeable membrane. Passive process down the concentration gradient.

95
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a low to high concentration. Movement is against the concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration, lots of mitochondria nearby. Active process.

96
Q

What is the equation to find out magnification?

A

Magnification = Image/Actual

97
Q

What are side effects of less red blood cells?

A

Tired, lack of energy Short of breath

98
Q

What is the resolution of an image?

A

The smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as two points.

99
Q

What is the rate of an enzyme reaction?

A

Amount of substance broken down/time taken g/min

100
Q

If you wanted to look at living cells what microscope would you use?

A

A light microscope can but an electron microscope can only see dead cells.

101
Q

How would glucose move from the small intestine to the blood.

A

Diffusion

102
Q

What happens to plant cells in a concentrated solution?

A

They shrink (plasmolysised)

103
Q

Cells become what when they take in water?

A

Turgid

104
Q

Animal cells swell or shrink when put in a dilute solution?

A

Don’t have a cell wall so swell.

105
Q

What is used to show the reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution Blue = no change Green = slight reducing sugars Orange = more reducing sugars Red = the most reducing sugars

106
Q

How are fats tested for?

A

The ethanol emulsion test. Cloudy formation.

107
Q

What is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine. Turns from yellow-orange to a blue-black colour in starch.

108
Q

How do you test for proteins?

A

The blurted test. Mix potassium hydroxide with a solution of the food, 2 drops of copper sulphate solution is added. Blue to purple means proteins are present.

109
Q

How is calories or the amount of energy found in the food?

A

Using a calorimeter. The amount of energy transferred from the burning food to the water can be calculated from the increase in water temperature.

110
Q

Specialised cells for digestion?

A

Microvilli. Adaptations - increased surface area, the more absorbed the better.

GCSE Biology - Edexcel (9 decks)

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