Topic 5- Health, Disease and the Development of medicines Flashcards
Define health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Explain cholera, malaria and tuberculosis
Cholera: a bacterium , spreads through contaminated water , causes diarrhoea .
Tuberculosis: a bacterium . spreads through air, causes coughing and lung damage
Malaria: protist, mosquitos, damage to red blood cells
Explain stomach ulcers , Ebola, chalara ash dieback
Stomach ulcers: bacterium, spreads by oral transmissions, causes stomach pain
Ebola: virus, air water spread, causes fever with blood
Chalara ash dieback: fungus, carried through wind, causes leaf loss
Explain the lytic pathway
- The virus attaches itself to a specific host and injects its genetic material into the cell
- The virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce new components of the virus
- The viral components assemble.(gather)
- The host cell splits open, releasing the new virus.
Explain the two types of STIs
Chlamydia: a bacterium, reproduces inside the host cells. Causes infertility in men and women.Can be reduced by wearing a condom.
HIV: it kills white blood cells, which leads to aids . Transmitted though body fluids can be reduced by wearing a condom.
Two methods plants use to defend themselves from pathogens
- The leaves and stems have waxy cuticle , which provides a barrier and stops the pathogen entering
- Plants cells themselves are surrounded by cell walls which are made up of cellulose, which creates a physical barrier which stops pathogens entering.
Chemical defences plants use to protect themselves from pathogens
- They produce chemicals called antiseptics , which kill bacteria and fungal pathogens.
- Some chemicals are used to treat human disease such as aspirin- used to relieve pain and fever , made from leaves of willow trees.
Physical barriers in a human body to protect itself from pathogens
Skin
Hair and mucus - trap particles
Cells in trachea and bronchi- produce mucus
Explain how memory lymphocytes give immunity to later infections.
- When the pathogen is first time in the body the response is slow because theres not many B-lymphocytes.
- Eventually the body with produce enough antibodies to overcome the disease.
- They then remain in the body for a long time.
- The body is now immune and has an ability to respond quickly the second time.
- The secondary response occurs quicker before you notice the symptoms.
GRAPH ON CARD 4
Chemical barriers in a human body to protect us from pathogens
- The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens that are swollowed.
- Eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme, which kills bacteria on surfaces of the eye
Pros and Cons of immunisation
Pros: - big epidemics can be prevented
- some diseases can be wiped out (e.g small pox)
Con:- immunisation does not always work
-sometimes you can have a bad reaction to the vaccine
What are B- lymphocytes ?
Are a type of white blood cells that are involved in a specific immune response/ produces antibodies.
Explain how immunisation stops you getting infections.
Immunisation involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens , which triggers memory lymphocytes to be made. So if live pathogens of the same type get into the body the secondary immune response will be ,much quicker.
What are monoclonal antibodies ?
They are produces from lots of clones of a single B-lymphocyte. This means the antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen.
What is hybridoma cell made from?
B-lymphocyte and tumour cell.
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?
Pregnancy test
Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used to diagnose cancer.
Firstly label the antibodies with a radioactive element. Then they are given to the patient though a drip.They go into the blood and are carried along the body.When antibodies come in contact with the cancer cells they bind to the tumour markers.Then the doctor takes a picture using a special camera that detects radioactivity and is able to detect the location of the cancer cells through a bright spot.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in treating cancer.
Cancer cells have proteins on their surface that aren’t found on normal body cells, called tumour markers.You can make monoclonal antibodies that will bind to these tumour markers. An anti-cancer drug can be attached to these monoclonal antibodies.They then target the cancer cells and the drug kills them, but leaves the normal body cells unaffected.
What are the pros and cons of using immunisation ?
Pros- helps prevent big pandemics
- some diseases have been virtually wiped out
Cons- does not always work
-you can sometimes have a bad reaction to the vaccine
What are antibiotics used for?
Bacterial Infections
How was penicillin discovered?
He discovered it when he was clearing out Petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed that one of the dishes had mould on it. Which was producing penicillin which was killing the bacteria.
Who discovered Pencellin?
Alexander Fleming
Explain what is a preclinical testing is?
Is where the drug is tested first on human cells and tissues in a lab. Then test it on live animals to find out the best dosage and see how toxic it is.
Explain how clinical testing works?
Then the drug is tested on human volunteers. Volunteers that are healthy and some suffering from the illness. Then patients are randomly put into two groups.One is given a new drug ,one is given to a placebo.
