Topic 5- Health, Disease and the Development of medicines

Question 1

Define health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Question 2

Explain cholera, malaria and tuberculosis

Answer 2

Cholera: a bacterium , spreads through contaminated water , causes diarrhoea .

Tuberculosis: a bacterium . spreads through air, causes coughing and lung damage

Malaria: protist, mosquitos, damage to red blood cells

Question 3

Explain stomach ulcers , Ebola, chalara ash dieback

Answer 3

Stomach ulcers: bacterium, spreads by oral transmissions, causes stomach pain

Ebola: virus, air water spread, causes fever with blood

Chalara ash dieback: fungus, carried through wind, causes leaf loss

Question 4

Explain the lytic pathway

Answer 4

1. The virus attaches itself to a specific host and injects its genetic material into the cell
2. The virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce new components of the virus
3. The viral components assemble.(gather)
4. The host cell splits open, releasing the new virus.

Question 5

Explain the two types of STIs

Answer 5

Chlamydia: a bacterium, reproduces inside the host cells. Causes infertility in men and women.Can be reduced by wearing a condom.
HIV: it kills white blood cells, which leads to aids . Transmitted though body fluids can be reduced by wearing a condom.

Question 6

Two methods plants use to defend themselves from pathogens

Answer 6

1. The leaves and stems have waxy cuticle , which provides a barrier and stops the pathogen entering
2. Plants cells themselves are surrounded by cell walls which are made up of cellulose, which creates a physical barrier which stops pathogens entering.

Question 7

Chemical defences plants use to protect themselves from pathogens

Answer 7

1. They produce chemicals called antiseptics , which kill bacteria and fungal pathogens.
2. Some chemicals are used to treat human disease such as aspirin- used to relieve pain and fever , made from leaves of willow trees.

Question 8

Physical barriers in a human body to protect itself from pathogens

Answer 8

Skin
Hair and mucus - trap particles
Cells in trachea and bronchi- produce mucus

Question 9

Explain how memory lymphocytes give immunity to later infections.

Answer 9

1. When the pathogen is first time in the body the response is slow because theres not many B-lymphocytes.
2. Eventually the body with produce enough antibodies to overcome the disease.
3. They then remain in the body for a long time.
4. The body is now immune and has an ability to respond quickly the second time.
5. The secondary response occurs quicker before you notice the symptoms.

GRAPH ON CARD 4

Question 10

Chemical barriers in a human body to protect us from pathogens

Answer 10

1. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens that are swollowed.
2. Eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme, which kills bacteria on surfaces of the eye

Question 11

Pros and Cons of immunisation

Answer 11

Pros: - big epidemics can be prevented
- some diseases can be wiped out (e.g small pox)
Con:- immunisation does not always work
-sometimes you can have a bad reaction to the vaccine

Question 12

What are B- lymphocytes ?

Answer 12

Are a type of white blood cells that are involved in a specific immune response/ produces antibodies.

Question 13

Explain how immunisation stops you getting infections.

Answer 13

Immunisation involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens , which triggers memory lymphocytes to be made. So if live pathogens of the same type get into the body the secondary immune response will be ,much quicker.

Question 14

What are monoclonal antibodies ?

Answer 14

They are produces from lots of clones of a single B-lymphocyte. This means the antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen.

Question 15

What is hybridoma cell made from?

Answer 15

B-lymphocyte and tumour cell.

Question 16

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Answer 16

Pregnancy test

Question 17

Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used to diagnose cancer.

Answer 17

Firstly label the antibodies with a radioactive element. Then they are given to the patient though a drip.They go into the blood and are carried along the body.When antibodies come in contact with the cancer cells they bind to the tumour markers.Then the doctor takes a picture using a special camera that detects radioactivity and is able to detect the location of the cancer cells through a bright spot.

Question 18

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in treating cancer.

Answer 18

Cancer cells have proteins on their surface that aren’t found on normal body cells, called tumour markers.You can make monoclonal antibodies that will bind to these tumour markers. An anti-cancer drug can be attached to these monoclonal antibodies.They then target the cancer cells and the drug kills them, but leaves the normal body cells unaffected.

Question 19

What are the pros and cons of using immunisation ?

Answer 19

Pros- helps prevent big pandemics
- some diseases have been virtually wiped out
Cons- does not always work
-you can sometimes have a bad reaction to the vaccine

Question 20

What are antibiotics used for?

Answer 20

Bacterial Infections

Question 21

How was penicillin discovered?

Answer 21

He discovered it when he was clearing out Petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed that one of the dishes had mould on it. Which was producing penicillin which was killing the bacteria.

Question 22

Who discovered Pencellin?

Answer 22

Alexander Fleming

Question 23

Explain what is a preclinical testing is?

Answer 23

Is where the drug is tested first on human cells and tissues in a lab. Then test it on live animals to find out the best dosage and see how toxic it is.

Question 24

Explain how clinical testing works?

Answer 24

Then the drug is tested on human volunteers. Volunteers that are healthy and some suffering from the illness. Then patients are randomly put into two groups.One is given a new drug ,one is given to a placebo.

Question 25

Explain how a double trail works?

Answer 25

Patients are randomly put into two groups, some receive drugs ,some receive the placebo. Neither the doctor , nor the patient knows what treatment they are getting.

Question 26

Explain how you can grow bacteria in a lab?

Answer 26

It must be grown in a medium , which is a liquid/gel that contains everything the bacteria needs to survive.The agar is added to hot liquid media.

Question 27

Explain how you investigate the effect of substances on bacterial growth.

Answer 27

1. ) Place paper discs soaked in different types of antibiotics on an agar plate.
2. ) Also use a control a paper disc that has not been socked in an antibiotic.
3. )Leave the plate for 48 hours at 25C
4. ) the more effective the antibiotic, the larger the inhibition zone.

Question 28

Name an antiseptic techniques

Answer 28

The petri dishes and growth medium must be sterilised before use

Question 29

How to calculate the area of an inhibition zone-

equation

Answer 29

Area=pr2

Question 30

Explain how smoking increases the chances of cardiovascular disease

Answer 30

• Nicotine in cigarettes increases heart rate which increases blood pressure.
• High blood pressure damages artery walls

Question 31

How do you calculate the body mass index

Answer 31

BMI= mass(kg)
divide
(height(m))2 squared

Question 32

How do you calculate the waist-to-hip ratio

Answer 32

waist-to-hip ratio= waist circumference

hip circumference

Question 33

What is a cardiovascular disease?

Answer 33

Is any disease associated with heart and blood vessels.

Question 34

Name of a drug that can be used to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke

Answer 34

Statins- reduces the amount of chlorestol in the bloodsteam.

Question 35

What does too much chlorestol in the body lead to

Answer 35

Can cause fatty deposits to build up in artries

Question 36

What are some surgical procedures to treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 36

1. Stents - are tubes that inserted inside arteries ,keeping them open , making sure blood can pass through the heart muscle
2. The whole heart can be replaced with a doner heart , but there is a risk of bleeding, clots and infections.

Question 37

Why can antibiotics be only used to treat bacterial infections

Answer 37

Because they have different mechanisms . They survive and replicate differently.