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Biology > Topic 3- Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3- Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell contain?

A

46

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3
Q

What type of cell are gametes?

A

Haploid, because they only contain half the amount of chromosomes

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4
Q

What id the fertilised egg also known as?

A

Zygote

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5
Q

Why is meiosis is a different type of cell division?

A

Because it does not produce identical cells

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6
Q

How does meiosis introduce genetic variation?

A

When the cell divides some of the mother’s and some of farther’s chromosomes end up in the cell> The mixture of the chromosomes creates variation

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7
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

on card 16

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7
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

on card 16

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8
Q

In meiosis what is the final product?

A

4 haploid daughter cells - gametes

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9
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?(involves mitosis)

A

+ Only one parent is needed
+ Can allow organisms to colonise a new area very quickly
- There is no genetic variation
- So if there is a change in the environment then the whole population may be affected

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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction:(involves meiosis)

A

+ Genetic variation within the population
+ so if the conditions change some will probably survive which can lead to natural selection
- more time and energy
-two parents are needed

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the DNA?

A
  • it has complementary bases A-T , C-G

- they are held by weak hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Difference between chromosomes and genes?

A

Chromosomes are long, collided strings of DNA. A gene is a section of the DNA that codes for a particular protien.

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13
Q

How can you extract DNA from fruit cell?

A
  1. Mash up some strawberries and put then into container containing salt and detergent
    SALT- makes the DNA stick together
    DETERGENT- will break down the cell membrane to release the DNA
    2> Then filter it out
  2. Then gently add ice-cold alcohol
    4.Then the DNA will start to appear as a stringy white participate.
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14
Q

What does the DNA control?

A

The production of protiens

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15
Q

What are proteins made up of ?

A

Chains of molecules called amino acids

16
Q

Explain how a gene can code for a particular protein?

A

The order of bases in a gene determines the order of amino acids in a protein. Each gene contains a different order of bases, which a gene can code for a particular protien.

17
Q

Explain how a genetic variant can result in a protein with a very low level of activity ?

A

The genetic variant could of changed the sequence of amino acids which could affect the shape of a protein.

18
Q

Describe how a gene is transcribed to form mRNA?

A

RNA polymers will separate the part of the dna. Once it has been exposed MRNA is produces and then it leaves the nucleus

19
Q

Suggest why the importance of Mendel’s work wasn’t recognised straight away?

A

Because people did not have background knowledge of the genes and chromosomes back then.

20
Q

By what are characteristics in plant was determined by?

A

Hereditary units

21
Q

Who did the genetic pea experiment?:

A

Mendel

22
Q

What is homozygous ?

A

2 alleles that are the same

23
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

two alleles that are different

24
Q

Difference between a dominant and a recessive trait?

A

Dominant trait is the visible one, the recessive can be hidden

25
Q

What is the name given to the inheritance of a single characteristic

A

monohybrid cross

26
Q

What is genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype-combination of alleles

Phenotype-the characteristics you have

27
Q

What are the genotypes for males and females?

A

Males- XY

Females- XX

28
Q

What does condominant allele mean?

A

means that the individual has both of the alleles(1A and 1B)

29
Q

Explain how a mother with blood group A and a farther with a blood group B have a child with a blood group O.

A

The mother must have a genotype IA and IO

and the father must have the genotype IB and IO to produce a child with genotype Io and Io and blood group o

30
Q

Factors of variation

A

Genetic and environmental

31
Q

What causes genetic variation\?

A

different alleles in the offspring which lead to differences in phenotype

32
Q

How could information from the human genome project be used to help prevent individuals from developing a certain disease?

A

The person’s genes can be used to predict what disease they’re most at risk of developing. This means they could be given lifestyle and diet advice to help prevent it.

33
Q

Downside of the human genome project:

A
  1. Discrimination: people may not be taken to work because there likely to get a disease and also may not be given a life issuance
  2. Gene-ism- pressure not to have children

Biology (5 decks)

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