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Biology GCSE > Topic 5 - Health, Disease and Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Disease and Development of Medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

disease

A

a problem with a structure or process in the body

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2
Q

pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause diseases

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3
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that can be passed from an infected person to other people

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4
Q

non-communicable disease

A

can’t be passed from person to person

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5
Q

how are non-communicable diseases caused

A

caused by a problem in the body such as a fault in the genes or as a result of the way we live

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6
Q

how can a genetic disease be spread (non-communicable disease)

A

passed to offspring

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7
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

a disease caused by the circulatory system functioning poorly

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8
Q

how is cardiovascular disease caused

A

too much abdominal fat (malnutrition)

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9
Q

BMI equation

A

mass/ height^2

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10
Q

body mass index

A

way of measuring the amount of fat on someone

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11
Q

waist to hip ratio

A

dividing waist measurement by hip measurement (more effective than BMI)

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12
Q

how can a blood vessel be widened

A

using a stent

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13
Q

explain how virus’ spread

A

they multiply by infecting a cell and taking over the cell’s DNA-copying processes to make new viruses

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14
Q

how is tuberculosis spread (what type of disease is it)

A

through the air (airborne) - coughing and sneezing releases pathogens into & the air that infects other people

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15
Q

how airborne diseases be prevented from spreading

A

sneeze into tissue, wash hands, social distance, wear mask

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16
Q

how is chalara ash die back spread

A

can spread through the air (airborne) as tiny thigh spores (cells that grow into new organisms)

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17
Q

chalara ash die back

A

disease of ash trees caused by fungus

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18
Q

ways that pathogens can be spread

A
  • air
  • water
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19
Q

how is cholera spread (what type of disease is cholera)

A

waterborne

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20
Q

what causes cholera

A

poor hygiene - dirty water used for drinking, cooking and washing

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21
Q

vectors of a disease

A

organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next

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22
Q

how is malaria spread

A

the mosquito injects the protist directly into the blood of the next person it feeds on

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23
Q

lysis

A

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

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24
Q

lytic pathway

A

the pathway that viruses that cause lysis go through

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25
Q

lysogenic pathway

A

reproductive cycle where viruses DNA integrates into the DNA of its host cell

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26
Q

area of inhibition

A

is a circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow

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27
Q

lymphocyte

A

white blood cell

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28
Q

plant adaptation to protect them against a bacteria, fungi and viruses

A

they are covered by a waxy layer called the cuticle; this layer acts as a physical barrier which makes it difficult for pathogens to get to the cell beneath

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29
Q

how do pathogens enter if the cell wall is tough

A

they release enzymes that soften the cell wall

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30
Q

yeild

A

the amount of useful product

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31
Q

biological vector

A

objects that may carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts

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32
Q

why was it difficult to prevent the spread of chalara ash die back

A

Because strong winds can carry chalara spores over long distances

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33
Q

How is Helicobacter spread?

A
  • when people touch other peoples food after touching their mouth or after going to the toilet
  • When the feet of flies that are fed and infected fetus then land on food
34
Q

What is the helicobacter bacteria?

A

Pathogen of the digestive system that spreads in food as well as water as it enters the body through the mouth (oral route)

35
Q

what is the structure of a virus

A

contains one or more strands of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

36
Q

virus

A

an infectious agent that can only replicate within a host organism (living cell)

37
Q

what is an advantage of a plant only producing substance to protect itself when it’s attacked?

A

Producing the substances take energy so an advantage of only producing substances when attacked is energy conservation allowing for better growth and reproduction

38
Q

two ways that substances from plants are used medically

A
  • aspirin was originally produced from Celtic acid which the plant used to protect itself
  • The medicine artemisinin which kills the plasmodium protist that causes malaria
39
Q

Name aseptic techniques

A
  • sterilising using an autoclave
  • Using a Bunsen burner to sterilise the air
40
Q

aseptic technique

A

strict procedures that healthcare providers use to prevent the spread of infection

41
Q

why do cultures of bacteria in petri dishes and vials need to be kept covered?

A

to prevent contamination from environmental microorganisms and to minimise the risk of bacteria escaping into the environment

42
Q

how can you tell if a plant is under stress?

A

Changes in growth, changes in colour or blotching of leaves or lesions on stems or lesves

43
Q

lesion

A

area of damage

44
Q

distribution analysis

A

Looks at where the damage plants occur

45
Q

explain how to define identification of crop disease

A

send samples to a lab for testing and these tests can include trying to grow a pathogen from damage crop plants while using technology to identify the presence of genetic material from a pathogen

46
Q

Diagnostic testing

A

A medical test or procedure that helps identify a persons disease or condition

47
Q

how can soil samples and a field observation help the lab to make an accurate diagnosis?

A

They look for nutrients and toxins that can help the lab be more certain of the cause of a problem

48
Q

three ways in which plant disease may be identified

A
  • Disruption analysis
  • Visual inspection
  • Laboratory testing (pathogen diagnosis and soil samples)
49
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of some types of bacteria

50
Q

where is lysozyme found

A

its secreted in tears, saliva and mucus where it helps to protect the thinner surfaces of the body

51
Q

What are some physical and chemical barriers for pathogens?

A
  • physical: the skin
  • chemical: lysozymes
52
Q

what is a cell that has an adaptation to help get rid of pathogens?

A

Ciliated cells specialised to move substances such as mucus across the surface this helps carry dust and pathogens away

53
Q

why is lysozyme a chemical defence

A

because it reacts with substances in the pathogen and this kills the pathogen or makes them inactive

54
Q

name defences against pathogens entering the body

A
  • The stomach
  • Ciliated cells
55
Q

how is the stomach a good defence against pathogens entering the body?

A

some of the cells learning the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid reducing the pH of the stomach contents to about two - at this acidity, many pathogens are destroyed

56
Q

antigen

A

any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

57
Q

where are antigens found?

A

They are attached to the outer surfaces of all pathogens

58
Q

how does the immune system attack a pathogen

A
  • pathogens have antigens on their surface that are unique to them
  • A lymphocyte with an antibody attached to it will perfectly fit an antigen on a pathogen - this lymphocyte is then activated
  • this lymphocyte divides over and over again to produce clones of identical lymphocytes
  • Some of the lymphocytes secrete large amount of antibodies; the antibodies stick to the antigens and destroy the pathogens; other lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond immediately if the same antigen ever turns up again
59
Q

memory lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that stay in the blood so that if the same kind of pathogen tries to infect you again, they will cause a much faster secondary response - this means you are immune to that pathogen

60
Q

what is a vaccine

A

A substance that simulates the bodies immune system to recognise and fight disease causing germs

61
Q

What do vaccines contain and why?

A

A contain a weakened or inactive pathogen of a disease-causing germ in order to teach the body’s immune system how to fight of the disease

62
Q

herd immunity

A

an indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when the rest of the population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection

63
Q

Explain how a vaccination can make you immune to the disease

A

Vaccination introduces a weakened form of the virus, prompting the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells which provide immunity upon future exposure

64
Q

Antibiotic

A

substances that could kill bacteria inhibit their cell processes which stops them growing or reproducing

65
Q

What are the steps in developing in new medicine?

A

1) antibiotics go through a development phase
2) it’s tested on cells or tissues in the lab (pre-clinical stage)
3) if the first stage of successful the new medicine may be tested on animals
4) if that stage is successful the medicine is tested on a small clinical trial (a small number of healthy people) to check it safe and that the side effects is small
5) that stage of successful the medicine is then used in a large clinical trial, on many people who have the disease
6) placebo effect (double-blind trails)

66
Q

Explain the pre-clinical stage of developing a new medicine?

A

The medicine is tested on cell or tissues - this is done because it shows if the medicine can get into the cells and have the required effect - it also make sure that harmful side effects are limited

67
Q

Benefits of testing on animals

A

No risk to humans

68
Q

Explain a small clinical trial and why do you have to do a small clinical trial before doing a large clinical trial?

A

Test the medicine on a small number of healthy people to check it safe and the side effects are small

69
Q

What is a large clinical trial and benefits of doing a large clinical trial

A

Medicine is tested on people who have the disease and this helps to work out the correct amount to give and to check for different side effects on different people

70
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Identical antibodies (antibodies coming from a single origin)

71
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

1) a particular antigen (for example, a human hormone) is injected into a mouse the mouse produces lymphocytes that make antibodies against the human hormone
2) lymphocytes from the mouse fused with a cancer cell
3) the hybridoma cell can then both divide and make antibodies against the human hormone. These are monoclonal antibodies.

72
Q

Hybridoma cells

A

Cells that are made by using a lymphocyte that produces the right kind of antibodies with a cancer cell

73
Q

How come monoclonal antibodies used to identify where blood clot has formed in a patient’s brain?

A
  • make down the body slightly radioactive
  • When these antibodies attached to cancer cells, the radioactivity can be detected
74
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies help for the treatment of cancer?

A

The cancer drugs can be attached to monoclonal antibodies so that they are delivered just to the cells that need treating - this reduces the amount of drugs needed to kill the cancer cells and reduces the risk of damaging healthy cells

75
Q

why chlamydia be treated with antibiotics?

A

Because chlamydia is a communicable disease caused by bacteria that can be killed using antibiotics

76
Q

how can HIV lead to the onset of AIDS

A

HIV destroys white blood cells which compromises the immune system making the person more susceptible to other diseases

77
Q

What does HIV do

A

Destroys white blood cells

78
Q

How does bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

A
  • due to genetic mutation some bacteria are resistant
  • The less resistant bacteria gets killed and some of the more resistant bacteria survives
  • these more resistant bacteria starts to spread making more bacteria resistant
  • offspring inherit this resistance
79
Q

how does the use of antibiotics contribute bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics?

A

by people not completing their course of antibiotics

80
Q

in the method of producing a bacterial culture on a petri dish, why do you have to allow the inoculating loop to cool?

A

so the bacteria are not killed

81
Q

how do you investigate how good three different antiseptics were at killing bacteria

A
  • soak a filter disc in each antiseptic and one with distilled water
  • Place one disc in each quarter of the petri dish and label them
  • Incubate the petri dish and leave it for awhile
  • Calculate the zone of inhibition around each disc by measuring the radius and using the equation pi x r squared
  • the antiseptic which killed the most bacteria will have the largest zone
82
Q

how is the lytic pathway involved in the reproduction of viruses

A
  • The virus inserts it’s genetic material into the host cell and takes over the host cell
  • New viruses are made of virus components are assembled inside the cell
  • The lyses to release the virus (host cell burst)

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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