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Biology GCSE > Topic 1 - Key Conecpts In Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key Conecpts In Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

function of nucleus

A

stores genetic information and controls what happens in the cell

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2
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

where chemical reactions happen and it’s a jelly-like substance

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3
Q

function of a cell membrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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4
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

releases energy by aerobic respiration

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5
Q

function of ribosomes

A

where protein synthesis occurs (proteins are made)

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6
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

they contain chlorophyll (a green pigment) and chlorophyll absorbs light and photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

function of vacuole

A

helps to support the plant and it stores cell sap

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8
Q

function of cell wall

A

it protects, supports and structures the plant and it contains cellulose

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9
Q

what organelles are only in plant cells and not in animal cells

A

chloroplast, vacuole and cell wall

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10
Q

a cell with a nucleus is describes as..

A

eukaryotic

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11
Q

a cell without a nucleus is described as…

A

prokaryotic

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12
Q

chromosomal DNA

A

giant loop of DNA containing most of the genetic material

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13
Q

plasmid DNA

A

small loops of DNA that carry extra information

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14
Q

flagella and its function

A

long whip like structures that allow the bacteria to move themselves along.

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15
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

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16
Q

biological catalyst

A

speed up chemical reactions in the body

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17
Q

what enzyme breaks down starch (a type of carbohydrate)

A

amylase

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18
Q

what enzyme breaks down protien

A

protease

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19
Q

what enzyme breaks down lipids

A

lipase

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20
Q

protien molecules break down into

A

individual amino acids

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21
Q

starch molecule breaks down into

A

glucose molecules

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22
Q

lipid molecule breaks down into

A

fatty acid chains and glycerol

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23
Q

resolution

A

ability to recognise the distance between two points as separate structures (level of detail)

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24
Q

magnification

A

the process of making something bigger

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25
Q

what is the test for starch

A

iodine solution

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26
Q

what colours do the iodine solution go if starch is/isn’t present

A

stays orange = no starch present
blue/black = starch present

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27
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars

A

benedict

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28
Q

what colours do the Benedict solution go if reducing sugar are/aren’t present

A

blue = no reducing sugar
orange/red = reducing sugar present

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29
Q

what is the test for protien

A

biuret solution

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30
Q

what colours do the biuret solution go if protein is/isn’t present

A

pale blue = no protien
purple = protien present

31
Q

what is the test for lipids

A

ethanol emulsion

32
Q

what colours do the ethanol emulsion go if lipids are/aren’t present

A

clear = no lipids
cloudy = lipids present

33
Q

feild of view

A

circular area you see in a light microscope

34
Q

how to work out total magnification

A

objective lens x eyepiece lens

35
Q

how to work out the magnification using scale bar

A

image size / actual size

36
Q

function of a vacuole

A

holds food for later use or waste for removal

37
Q

which is better, an electron microscope or a light microscope

A

electron microscope - beams or electrons pass through a specimen to build up an image

38
Q

specialised cell

A

a cell that has a specific function

39
Q

what cell in the lining of the oviduct is adapted to help transport egg cells

A

hair like cilia which helps sweep her substance along

40
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells that line structures in the body

41
Q

what sub-cellular structures do prokaryotic cells not have

A

mitochondria or chloroplasts

42
Q

what sub-cellular structure does bacteria not have and what does it have instead?

A

doesn’t have nuclei but has chromosomal DNA and plasmids instead

43
Q

synthesis

A

building larger molecules from smaller subunits

44
Q

polymer

A

large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks

45
Q

monomers

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

46
Q

enzymes

A

the biological catalyst that speeds up the breakdown and synthesis of molecules

47
Q

substrates

A

the substance an enzyme works on

48
Q

what enzyme synthesises DNA from its monomers

A

DNA polymerase

49
Q

what do all enzyme names have in common

A

all end in -ase

50
Q

food calorimetry

A

used to measure the heat transferred by burning a food sample

51
Q

energy of food using calorimetry

A

energy in J/g = (final temp of water - start temp of water) x volume of water used x 4.2
mass of food (g)

52
Q

active site

A

a region in an enzyme that binds to a substrate

53
Q

lock and key model

A

a theory of enzyme action that explains how enzymes fit their substrate. The active site of an enzyme is structured to fit a specifically shaped substrate. Once the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme will either break the molecule up into separate molecules OR bond the molecules to create one product molecule

54
Q

denatured enzyme

A

when the shape of the active site has changed and the substrate no longer fits

55
Q

optimum temperature

A

temperature at which enzyme works fastest

56
Q

factors that effect the the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction are…

A

pH, temp, concentration of the substrate

57
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

58
Q

concentration gradient

A

a difference between two concentrations (higher concentration and lower concentration)

59
Q

osmosis

A

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

60
Q

semi-permeable

A

a membrane that allows some molecules through and not others

61
Q

calculation for percentage change in mass

A

(final mass - initial mass) x100
initial mass

62
Q

passive process and examples

A

diffusion and osmosis is a passive process which means it does not require energy

63
Q

active transport

A

the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

64
Q

passive transport

A

no energy needed

65
Q

active transport

A

energy needed

66
Q

magnification (size) equation

A

magnified size of object / real size of object

67
Q

what is the substance that strengthens the cell walls of a xylem cell

A

lignin

68
Q

Where would you find the stem cells in plants?

A

Meristematic issue (meristem)

69
Q

Name one place where you would find stem cells in animals.

A

Embryo

70
Q

why do cells in the pancreas have a lot of ribosomes

A

they need a high number of ribosomes because they are necessary to synthesise the digestive enzymes being produced to digest the food

71
Q

how do u measure the amount of energy in the food

A

calculate the change in temp (heat absorbed by the water)

72
Q

how do eggs move into the uterus

A

the cilia lining the oviduct move side to side creating a current to move the egg

73
Q

adaptations of cilia lining the oviduct

A
  • help move the egg
  • help secrete nutrients for support
74
Q

adaptations of cilia lining the oviduct

A
  • help move the egg
  • help secrete nutrients for support

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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