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Biology GCSE > Topic 2 - Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

cell cycle

A

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

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2
Q

diploid cell

A

contains two copies of each chromosome

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3
Q

haploid cell

A

contains only one copy of each type of chromosome

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4
Q

what happens in interphase (first phase)

A

first the cell makes extra sub-cellular cell parts (e.g. mitochondria) and then it makes copies of all the chromosomes (DNA replication)

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5
Q

what is mitosis and what does it produce

A

the cell splits to form two new genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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6
Q

what is asexual reproduction and what does it produce

A

only needs one parent to reproduce, produces offspring that are clones meaning the cells have the same chromosomes as the parent (genetically identical)

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7
Q

how are tumours produced

A

due to rapid cell division it produces growing lumps of cancerous cells

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8
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A

I interphase
Then:
P prophase
M metaphase
A anaphase
T telophase
C cytokinesis

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9
Q

what happens in the prophase

A

The chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter. The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

what happens in the metaphase

A

the chromosomes lineup at the centre of the cell

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11
Q

what happens in the anaphase

A

spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart; then the chromosome copies are pulled to either end of the cell

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12
Q

what happens in the telophase

A

Membrane form around each of the set of chromosomes. These become the nuclear of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided

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13
Q

percentile chart

A

a chart used to monitor growth and can be compared to other at the same age

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14
Q

what do the numbers mean on a percentile growth chart e.g. if a baby’s mass is on the 75th percentile curve what does that mean?

A

it means 25% of baby’s are heavier and 75% of baby’s are lighter - a quarter above average

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15
Q

differentiation

A

the process where a cell develops new sub-cellular structures (become specialised) to perform a specific function

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16
Q

meriSTEM cell and where is it

A

found near the end of the shoot/root in a plant and is a type of plant tissue that is made up of a group of stem cells that allow plants to continue growing

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17
Q

growth

A

an increase in size as result of an increase in number of cells

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18
Q

how to work out a percentage change for growth

A

final value - start value x100
starting value

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19
Q

stem cell

A

a cell that hasn’t differentiated yet; they are unspecialised, and can go onto become a number of different types of cells

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20
Q

adult stem cells

A

cells found living within specific differentiated tissues in our bodies that can differentiate into a few types of cells and they can renew themselves or generate new cells that can replenish dead or damaged tissue

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21
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells that are found in embryos and can differentiate into almost every type of cell in the body

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22
Q

risks of stem cells used in medicine

A
  • tumour development - stem cells continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced
    damaged cells and start to create a lump
  • rejection - stem cells from one person are often killed by the immune system or other people that
    they are put into
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23
Q

function of neurones

A

nerve cells that send messages all over your body to process information and control the body

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24
Q

tell me about the cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

A
  • makes up 80% of the brain
  • used for most of our senses, language, memory, behaviour and consciousness
  • split into left and right hemisphere
    —> each hemisphere has different functions and communicates with the opposite side of the
    body
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25
Q

function of cerebellum

A

base of the brain and responsible for muscle coordination and balance and posture

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26
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A

controls unconscious activities - your heart rate and your breathing and is also responsible for reflexes such as vomiting, sneezing and swallowing

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27
Q

what is a CT scan and what happens during it

A

CT scan shows the shapes of structures in the brain
- an x-ray beam moves in a circle around the head and detectors measure the absorption of the x-rays

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28
Q

what’s a PET scan and what happens during it

A

PET scan shows brain activity
- the patient is injected with radioactive glucose
- more active cells take more glucose than less active ones
- the radioactive atoms cause gamma rays which the scanner detects
more gamma rays come from parts containing more activecells

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29
Q

what happens when you have spinal cord damage

A

damage to the spinal cord reduces the flow of information between the brain and parts of the body

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30
Q

how can spinal cord damage be treated?

A

Wires can be used to electrically stimulate nerves and muscles below the damage however patients do not regain full movement or feeling

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31
Q

two ways to help treat brain tumours

A

radiotherapy - cells can be killed using high energy x-ray beams
chemotherapy - cells can be killed by injecting drugs that kill actively dividing cells

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32
Q

how can a tumour damage the brain?

A

brain tumour may squash parts of the brain stop them from working

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33
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

controls your body and is made up of the brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

impulses

A
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35
Q

stimulus

A

any change in the environment to which the body needs to respond

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36
Q

receptor cell

A

a cell that detects stimulus and converts it into an electrical impulse to be sent to the sensory neurone

37
Q

a response

A

an action that occurs due to a stimulus

38
Q

neurotransmission

A

travelling or transmission of impulses that happened in neurones (nerve cells)

39
Q

pathway of a nerve impulse

A

stimulus (e.g smelling food) —> impulse starts at receptor (e.g. nose) —> impulse past along sensory neurone —> impulse travels to CNS —> impulse passed along relay neurone —> impulse passed along motor neurone —> effector (muscle) receives impulse to react —> response (e.g walk to shops)

40
Q

what happens in a sensory neurone

A
  • one long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, which is located in
    the middle of the neurone
  • one axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the CNS
41
Q

what happens in a motor neurone

A
  • many short dendrites curry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body
  • one axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the effector cells
42
Q

what happens in a relay neurone

A
  • many dendrites carry nerve impulses from censoring neurons to the cell body
  • an axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurons
43
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive part and is covered in receptor cells called rods and cones which detect light

44
Q

rods

A

receptor cells that detect differences in light intensity, but can’t sense colour

45
Q

cones

A

receptor cells that are sensitive to the different colours of light

46
Q

iris

A

controls how much light enters the pupil which can constrict the pupil (make it smaller) or dilate it (make it bigger)

47
Q

pupil

A

the dark area in the middle of the eye and is where light enters

48
Q

cornea

A

bends (refracts) light rays to bring them together to focus an image

49
Q

lens

A

a glass with curved sides that refracts light to bright the rays together to focus an image

50
Q

ciliary muscles

A

changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object

51
Q

what happens to your eye when you look at distant objects

A
  • the ciliary muscle relaxes which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight
  • this pull the lens into a less rounded shape so light is refracted less
52
Q

what happens to your eye when you look at close object

A
  • the ciliary muscle contracts which slackens the suspensory ligaments
  • the lens becomes a more rounded shape, so light is refracted more
53
Q

cataract

A

is a cloudy area in the lens of your eye

54
Q

what is ‘short sighted’ vision and what causes this

A

when distant objects seem blurred and this is because rays of light are focused INFRONT of the retina due to either the eyeball being too long or the cornea curves too steeply

55
Q

what is ‘long-sighted’ vision and what causes this

A

when close objects seem blurred and this is because rays of light are focused BEHIND the retina due to either the eyeball being too short or the cornea is not sufficiently curved

56
Q

name eye problems:

A
  • short sighted
  • long sighted
  • cataract
  • colour blindness
57
Q

colour blindness

A

people have cones that do not work properly and so have difficulty seeing some colours

58
Q

effectors

A

muscles and glands that carry out an action

59
Q

motor neurone

A

carry impulses to effectors

60
Q

relay neurone

A

link the motor and sensory neurones

61
Q

sensory neurone

A

carries information to the central nervous system

62
Q

synapse

A

a connection between two neurones
The transmission of a nervous impulse is very fast, but it is slowed down a bit at the synapse because of diffusion of neurotransmitters across the gap takes time

63
Q

what happens in a synapse

A
  • the nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which diffuse (move) across the gap
  • the neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
64
Q

reflex

A

an action performed without conscious thought in response to a particular stimulas

65
Q

reflex arc

A

a neurone pathway that controls a reflex action

66
Q

what happens in the cytokinesis phase

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells

67
Q

stages of plant growth

A
  • cell division
  • cell elongation
  • cell differentiation
68
Q

receptor

A

molecule that receives and responds to a neurotransmitter

69
Q

function of the myelin sheath

A

to insulate the electrical impulses from surrounding tissue - this allows quicker conductance

70
Q

what happens to the muscles in your eye when you look at close objects

A

they contract

71
Q

what happens to the muscles in your eye when you look at far away objects

A

they relax

72
Q

what’s the function of a specialised human cell: red blood cell

A

it has no nucleus allowing more space for red haemoglobin molecules (which carry oxygen) it also has a large surface area (allowing oxygen to diffuse in an out more quickly)

73
Q

what is the function of the specialised human cell: fat cells

A

The cytoplasm of fat cells are filled with large fat droplets; the fat is stored until the body needs energy

74
Q

what is the function of a specialised cell: nerve cells (neurones)

A

They have a long fibre that carries electrical impulses around the body and many connections to other neurones

75
Q

The function of the specialised human cell: muscle cell

A

they contain special contractor proteins that can shorten the cell

76
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty surrounding didn’t dendron and axons

77
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

Electrically insulates a neurone from neighbouring neurons, stopping the signal losing energy also makes an impulse jump along the cell between the gaps in the myelin and so speed up neurontransmission

78
Q

How has a sensory neurone adapted to its function

A
  • Denon and actions are frequently long to allow fast neurotransmission over long distances
  • There’s a fatty layer surrounding these parts with the mileage sheets that relates to your own stopping the signal losing energy
79
Q

What size is the lens when looking at distant objective?

A

Thinner

80
Q

what size is the lens when looking at near objects

A

fatter

81
Q

how can shorten sightedness be corrected using glasses

A

using a diverging lens to spread out rays before they reach the eye

82
Q

how can long sightedness be corrected using glasses?

A

by using a converging lens to bend rays before they reach the

83
Q

which only terminal are neurotransmissions released from

A

axon

84
Q

why is the reflex arc quicker than usual

A

because they are automatic and don’t bypass the parts of the brain that I volve processing information and so are quicker than responses that need processing

85
Q

why are synapses used

A
  • neurotransmitters are only released from accident terrors so impulses only flow in One Direction
  • they also allow many fresh impulses to be generated in many neurons connected to one neuron - the original impulse does not need to be split and lose strength
86
Q

why are synapses used

A
  • neurotransmitters are only released from accident terrors so impulses only flow in One Direction
87
Q

what part of the brain contains the occipital lobe?

A

cerebral hemisphere

88
Q

how can a student prepare a microscope slide to show mitosis in the growing roots of a plant

A
  • soften the root tip/meristem with heat
  • crush the root tip onto the slide
  • stain the root
  • add a drop of water to the slide
  • add a cover slip

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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