Topic 5-Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Population distribution in UK
Very uneven
Urban cores
Central parts of urban areas
Population density
Highest in cities eg London Glasgow and Birmingham
Also highest in areas surrounding major cities
Lowest in the upland areas where areas are rural and sparsely populated
Why is population in UK so uneven
Urban areas provide more jobs and opportunities whereas rural areas do not
Urban Cores
Higher concentration of economic activity-60% of jobs
Main employment opportunities are in tertiary sector and manufacturing
Lots of people live in cities because there are more jobs available as well as a higher salary
Rural areas
Fewr job opportunities
More primary industry eg farming and fishing
Some areas have a seasonal tourism industry
Rural areas near urban areas have become commuter settlements
Age structure of urban areas
Higher population of younger people. People live in cities due to the fact they are closer to jobs so a higher proportion of population in cities are working age
Age structure of rural areas
Higher proportion of older people live in rural areas. Older people move out of cities to retire to a more peaceful environment.
Areas in UK struggling to grow economically
Isolated Rural areas on the edge of the UK which are very inaccessible duento few employment opportunities
Rural areas around former industrial areas
Ways UK government have tried to reduce difference in wealth
Creating enterprise zones
Transport Infrastructure
Regional development
Enterprise Zones
These offer companies a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones such as reduced taxes and improved infrastructure. These encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment bringing jobs and income which helps poor rural areas develop
Transport Infrastructure
UK government plans to link London to other large cities which will increase the capacity and allow faster journeys into major cities promoting industry and jobs in poorer rural areas.
Regional Development
The EU has used the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to promote growth in poorer rural areas by investing in small high tech businesses providing training to improve local people’s skills and funding infrastructure. Also funded super fast broadband attracting digital businesses such as Gravitas
Net migration
Overall increasing but in the last 10 years has doubled
What does national and international migration affect
Distribution and age structure of the population
Distribution
Young nationa migrants and most internstional migrants move to cities where jobs and education reside mostly in areas such as London and West Midlands
Increasing number of counter urbanisation where wealthy people leave cities for rural areas for a better quality of life.
Many older people move to coastal areas when they retire
Age structure
The large number of migrants increases the population of the age group of 20-29
Migration also affects the UK age structure by increasing birth rates because many migrants are child bearing age.
Immigrants make up about 13% of UK population but account for 27% babies born
Ethnicities in the UK
White
Mixed
Asian
Black/African/Caribbean
Why did the UK encourage immigration from Commonwealth countries
To fill skill shortages in the UK workforce
What has happened to primary and secondary sectors
They are declining due to more job opportunities in higher paying sectors such as the teriary sector
FDI
Foreign direct investment
2 forms of FDI
Companies can buy land or buildings to locate their place of work
Companies can buy all or part of an already existing business
Where does FDI investment comes from
Comes from TNCs
How does Globalisation increase FDI
Transport and Communication links have improved making it easier for companies to operate in the UK
London has developed a global finance centre with many foreign banks encouraging citizens overboard to move to the UK because of business culture
How does privatisation increase FDI
Increases FDI because foreign firms can buy or merge with a UK existing business. Eg Scottish Power is owned by a Spanish Energy Company
How does free trade policies increase FDI
Reduce import and export restriction making it easier to trade
Promoted between member countries of the EU. Companies can move goods and services easily between the UK and their country
Can attract investors
Pros of TNCs affecting UK economy
Jobs are created
Can fund large scale projects
Created development in tech and products
Cons of TNCs affecting the UK economy
Can lead to over-reliance on TNCs
Local businesses struggle to compete with TNCs
CBD (Central Business Direct)
Used for commercial purposes
Inner City
Eg Newham and Chelsea. Are residential areas Newham being low class and Chelsea being high class
Suburbs
Eg Kingston and Surbiton. Middle class residential
Rural-urban fringe
Eg crockenhill and sevenoaks. High Class residential area. As well as Thurrock a industrial commercial
Population in London is increasing due to
International Migration
National Migration
Internal population grown
What characters does migration affect
Age structure Ethnicity Population Housing Services Culture
IMD
Index of Multiple Deprivation
Rebranding
Improving a place’s image to encourage people to go there
Regeneration
Making actual improvements to an area
Positive impacts of regeneration and rebranding
Improved transport links
Improved the environmental quality
Businesses have been attracted creating more jobs
Population has increased as well as their affluence
Negative impacts of regeneration and rebranding
Many local people were forced out due to their skill
Traditional businesses such as pubs have gone bust
Existing communities were destroyed
Strategies that make urban living more sustainable
Employment Recycling Green spaces Transport -congestion charge Housing
Labour interdependence between rural and urban
Many people commute into London from rural areas to work. They then bring back their earnings and spend them in their town-40% of the sevenoaks district work in Londong
Goods interdependence between rural and urban
London relies on rural areas for food such as meat and vegetation and many farmers produce for supermarkets
Many rural people come to Lodning to do their shopping as there isn’t many shopping centres in the rural areas
Services interdependence in rural and urban
Londong has excellent hospitals and schools which encourages rural citizens to commute between urban and rural
Many londoners move to the country side for leisure activities
Site
Is the location of land which the place is built
Situation
Is the location of a place in relation to other places
Deindustrilisation
Decline of industrial activity
Depopulation
Reduction of people in an area
Reasons for inequality in Newham and Richmond
Education-higher in richmond lower in newham
Income and employment-better in richmond worse in newham
Health-better in richmond worse in newham
Services-better in richmond worse in newham
Urban Sprawl
When towns spread outwards in their size as people move to the edge through urbanisation
Green belt
An area of green land surrounding an urban area
