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GCSE Geography > Topic 2-Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2-Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

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2
Q

GDP per capita

A

The GDP divided by the population of the country

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3
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from overseas.

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4
Q

Birth Rate

A

The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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5
Q

Death Rate

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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6
Q

Fertility Rate

A

The average number of births per woman

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7
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousand babies born

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8
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

The number of woman who die due to pregnancy related problems per 100 thousand live births

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9
Q

Doctors per 1000 of the population

A

The number of working doctors per thousand of the population

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10
Q

Gini coefficient

A

A measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score between 0 (equal) to 1 (inequality)

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11
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

This is a number calculated using life expectancy,education level and gdp per capita. Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

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12
Q

Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

A

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score the more corruption

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13
Q

Developing Countries

A

.High fertility Rate and Birth Rate due to no education of contraception
.High infant mortality due to poor healthcare
.High death rate
.More children than older people

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14
Q

Emerging Countries

A

.Low fertility rate due to better education
.Higher life expectancy
.More working age than children.
.Narrow base and top widens

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15
Q

Developed Countries

A 
.Low fertility rates
.High quality of life
.Good Healthcare so low death rate
.More older people than children. 
.Base gets narrower and middle bulges out
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16
Q

How climate causes inequality

A

.Really hot or really cold means crops may not survive which reduced amount of food produced which leads to malnutrition which causes low quality of life
.Fewer crops to sell,so low income so less to spend on goods and services which also reduces the quality of life

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17
Q

How topography causes inequality

A

.Steep land won’t produce food. Same effect as poor climate

.Steep land also makes difficult to develop infrastructure which greatly limits trade between it and the world

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18
Q

How education causes inequality

A

Educating people produces more skilled workforce meaning country can produce more goods and services. They can also bring in money through trade or investment. Educated people also earn more so they bring in more tax. Governments can spend money on country development

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19
Q

How health causes inequality

A

In poorer countries there is a lack of clean water and poor healthcare which means that many people are prone to disease such as malaria or cholera.
People who are ill can’t work so they’re contributing to the economy. Lack of economic contribution and increased spending on healthcare means that there is less to spend on development

20
Q

How colonialism causes inequality

A

Colonisers often took control economies,removed raw material and used citizens as slaves. This was very common in African countries which caused famine and malnutrition

21
Q

How neo-colonialism causes inequality

A

After colonies gained their interdependence richer countries continued to control them indirectly. TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw material of poorer countries. International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans which means poorer countries have to develop in the way donors want them to.

22
Q

How economic and political factors cause inequality

A

Corrupt governments can cause damage to development by taking the money intended for development for their own personal use. Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements. They can also get loans from international organisations to invest in development projects

23
Q

Consequences of Global Inequality

A

Uneven development can lead to uneven spread of wealth across countries.

24
Q

Affects of Global Inequality on Education

A

Poorer countries don’t have enough to invest in education. Poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to do child labour to help families instead of attending schools. Lack of education also means people can’t get better paying,skilled jobs in the future so the cycle of poverty continues

25
Q

Affects of Global Inequality on health

A

People in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in richer countries leading to low life expectancy. Infant mortality rate is also much higher in developing countries. Poorer people find it hard to get quality healthcare and healthy food

26
Q

Affects of Global Inequality on Politics

A

Inequality means increased political instability,crime and discontent in poorer countries. This means civil war are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality as money is spent on warfare rather than development. Developing countries depend on richer countries this means they have little influence over regional and global decision

27
Q

Rostow’s Theory of Economic development

A

Traditional Society-Subsistence Based
Preconditions for take off-Manufacturing industry develop
Take Off-Rapid Intense growth and Large-scale industrialisation
Drive to Maturity-Economy grows so does people’s wealth
Mass Consumption-Lots of trade,goods are mass produced and people are wealthy

28
Q

Frank’s Dependency Theory

A

His theory suggests that poorer,weaker countries (the periphery) remain poor because they rely on the core countries (richer and powerful). It argues that neo-colonialism is a cause of the poverty due to richer countries continue to dominate the trading system by exploiting poorer countries of cheap raw materials and labour. Richer countries also interfere with local politics or loaning them money with high rates of interest leading to large debts which causes them to continue being dependant on richer countries

29
Q

Globalisation

A

The process of all the world’s systems and cultures becoming more integrated

30
Q

Why is Globalisation increasing

A

Improvements in ICT-mobile phones and internet allowing global communication and e and m commerce
Improvements in transport-airports high speed trains and larger ships allowing global travel

31
Q

How do TNCs cause globalisation

A

.They sell and produce products in more than one country
.They use materials from all over the world for their products
.Promoting consumerism for people in developing and emerging countries making people’s lifestyles more similar

32
Q

How governments cause globalisation

A

Free Trade-import and export of goods,money and services from other countries
Investment-governments compete with each other to attract investment by TNCs
Privatisation-governments hand over services and industries to private companies in other countries. eg rail services in UK are run by people in the Netherlands,Germany and France

33
Q

Top-down approaches

A

A government or large organisation make decisions about how to increases development and direct the project for the community

34
Q

Bottom-Up approach

A

Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community. NGOs are often involved

35
Q

Examples of top down approach

A

.Large projects such as dams for HEP or irrigation schemes
.Projects like these are expensive and are funded by TNCs and governments who will profit from development
.Projects are also high tech and energy intensive. Construction often involves machinery and technology.

36
Q

Examples of bottom up approaches

A

.Usually small-scale and made to improve quality of life
.Projects are usually cheap and money comes from charities
.Little technology is involved. Local material is used and local people are employed.

37
Q

Advantages of NGO led projects

A

.Projects are designed to address needs of local people
.Locally available and cheap materials are used
.Projects are labour intensive they create jobs for local people

38
Q

Disadvantages of NGO led projects

A

.Projects are small-scale and don’t benefit everyone

.Different organisations aren’t involved so projects may be inefficient

39
Q

Advantages of IGO funded projects

A

.Projects improve country’s economy helping with long term development. HEP stations provides jobs and boosts economy
.Projects improve people’s quality of life.

40
Q

Disadvantages of IGO funded projects

A

.Large projects are expensive and can put country in heavy debt
.This may not benefit everyone
.If government is corrupt it may use money for personal purpose
.Projects tend to be energy intensive and environmentally unfriendly

41
Q

Advantages of Investment by TNC

A

.TNC provides the locals job
.More companies mean greater income from taxes for host country
.TNCs may also invest in infrastructure,improving roads,communication links and quality of life.

42
Q

Disadvantages of Investment by TNC

A

.Some profits leave the host country
.TNCs can cause environmental problems
.TNCs may move around the country to take advantage of local tax breaks leaving people jobless.

43
Q

India’s exports and imports in 1990

A

Exports: Low value manufactured goods e.g clothing and primary products e.g tea

Imports: Manufactured goods e.g machinery and chemicals

44
Q

India’s exports and imports in 2015

A

Exports: High value manufactured goods e.g machinery

Imports: Crude Oil for transport and industry

45
Q

How globalisation has increased development in india

A

More than 50% of Indians now use a mobile phone. This has enabled lots of people to start their own small businesses giving them a larger income. India has 12 major ports and more than 20 international airports as well as a rail network which carries 8 billion passengers a year.

46
Q

How government policy has increased development in India

A

In 1991 India received a 2.2 billion in aid from the IMF in exchange for the government to change its economic policies such as reducting tariffs on imported goods. In 2009 India made primary education free and compulsory. 96% of children now enrol for school. This creates more educated workforce.

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

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