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Biology > Topic 5 Core questions - Homeostasis and response > Flashcards

Topic 5 Core questions - Homeostasis and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “homeostasis”

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.

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2
Q

What does homeostasis maintain optimum cellular conditions for?

A

Enzyme action.

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3
Q

Name examples of homeostatic control in the human body.

A
  1. Blood glucose concentration
  2. Body temperature
  3. Water content of the blood and cells
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4
Q

Name the two types of responses used to control conditions in the human body.

A

Nervous and/or chemical.

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5
Q

What is a receptor cell?

A

Cells that detect stimuli (changes in the internal or external environment)

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6
Q

Name three coordination centres.

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Pancreas
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7
Q

Name the two types of effectors.

A
  1. Muscle

2. Gland

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8
Q

State what the two types of effectors do to bring about a response.

A
  1. Muscle will contract

2. Gland secretes enzymes/hormones

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9
Q

What is the role of the human nervous system?

A

Enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour

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10
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The central nervous system, includes the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

To summarise the order of how the human nervous system works, fill in the missing words:
a -> b -> c -> d -> e

A

a) Stimulus
b) Receptor
c) Coordinator
d) Effector
e) Response

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12
Q

Name the three types of neurone.

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Relay
  3. Motor
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13
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between two neurones, where a signal passes from one neurone to the next.

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14
Q

Summarise how a synapse works.

A
  1. Impulse arrives at the end of one neurone,
  2. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap,
  3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic gap,
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on a second neurone,
  5. A new electrical impulse is generated in the second neurone
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15
Q

Why are reflex actions rapid?

A

They do not involve the brain, therefore no conscious thought.

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16
Q

What do you use reflex actions for?

A

Reactions to remove your body from danger.

e.g. touching a boiling kettle

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17
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones.

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18
Q

Name the three main parts of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla

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19
Q

Why is investigating the function of the brain difficult?

A

It is a complex and delicate organ.

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20
Q

Name two ways scientists can investigate brain function.

A
  1. Electrically stimulating areas in a conscious patient and recording their response
    OR
  2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans.
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21
Q

Name the two stimuli the eye is sensitive to.

A

Light intensity and colour.

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22
Q

Name the muscle that changes the shape of the lens in the eye.

A

Ciliary muscle

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23
Q

Name the ligaments in the eye which help to change the shape of the lens.

A

Suspensory ligaments

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24
Q

Name the part of the eye which controls how much light enters through the pupil.

A

Iris

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25
Q

Name the part of the eye which allows light to enter through it

A

Pupil

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26
Q

Name the part of the eye which is a transparent covering of the eyeball.

A

Cornea

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27
Q

Name the part of the eye which focuses light into the eye.

A

Lens

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28
Q

Name the part of the eye which gathers information and sends it to the brain.

A

Optic nerve

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29
Q

Name the part of the eye which has no light receptor cells.

A

Blind spot

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30
Q

Name the white part of the eye which acts a protective layer.

A

Sclera

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31
Q

Name the part of the eye which is a thin layer containing millions of receptor cells.

A

Retina

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32
Q

What happens to the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles when the eye focuses on NEAR objects?

A

Suspensory ligaments LOOSEN, ciliary muscles CONTRACT

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33
Q

What happens to the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles when the eye focuses on FAR objects?

A

Suspensory ligaments TIGHTEN, ciliary muscles RELAX

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34
Q

What shape is the lens in when the eye focuses on NEAR objects?

A

Thicker, more curved.

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35
Q

How does the shape of the lens when it is thicker and more curved effect light refraction?

A

Refracts light strongly.

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36
Q

What shape is the lens in when the eye focuses on FAR objects?

A

Thinner, less curved.

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37
Q

How does the shape of the lens when it is thinner and less curved effect light refraction?

A

Refracts light slightly.

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38
Q

Name the two muscle types in the eye that control the amount of light entering.

A

Radial and circular.

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39
Q

In high light intensities, what happens to the radial and circular muscles to cause the pupils to constrict?

A

Radial muscles RELAX, circular muscles CONTRACT.

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40
Q

In low light intensities, what happens to these muscles to cause the pupils to dilate?

A

Radial muscles CONTRACT, circular muscles RELAX.

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41
Q

What kind of lens (glasses or contact) would correct myopia (nearsightedness)?

A

Concave

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42
Q

What kind of lens (glasses or contact) would correct hyperopia (longsightedness)?

A

Convex

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43
Q

What monitors and controls body temperature?

A

The thermoregulatory centre of the brain.

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44
Q

What does the thermoregulatory centre of the brain monitor the temperature of?

A

The blood flowing through the brain.

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45
Q

Name two ways the body responds if the body temperature is too high.

A
  1. Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)

2. Sweat is produced from the sweat glands.

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46
Q

How do these responses lower body temperature?

A

Causes a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.

47
Q

Name three ways the body responds if the body temperature is too low.

A
  1. Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)
  2. Sweating stops
  3. Skeletal muscles contract rapidly (shivering)
48
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Glands which secrete chemicals called hormones.

49
Q

How is a chemical “message” transported to the target organ in animals?

A

Via the bloodstream.

50
Q

Compare the speed and duration of hormonal control to nervous control

A

(Hormonal) Slower but act for longer.

51
Q

What is referred to as the “master gland”?

A

the pituitary gland.

52
Q

Name the gland which produces human growth hormone and is found within the brain

A

Pituitary gland

53
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Pancreas and Salivary glands

54
Q

Where is Protease produced?

A

Stomach and Pancrease

55
Q

Where is Lipase produced?

A

Pancrease

56
Q

Where is maltose produced?

A

Small intestine

57
Q

What gland produces testosterone?

A

Testes

58
Q

What gland produces thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

59
Q

What gland produces adrenaline?

A

Adrenal gland

60
Q

What gland produces hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Ovary

61
Q

What is monitored for changes in glucose concentration?

A

The blood.

62
Q

What controls the response to changes in blood glucose concentration?

A

The pancreas.

63
Q

What is produced if the blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

Insulin, a hormone.

64
Q

State two ways insulin helps to lower blood glucose concentration.

A

Causes glucose to move from the blood to the cells AND triggers the conversion of glucose into glycogen.

65
Q

What is produced if the blood glucose concentration is too low?

A

Glucagon, a hormone.

66
Q

State how glucagon helps to increases blood glucose concentration.

A

Triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood.

67
Q

What is the process called which responds to a change from the normal levels in the body by restoring them back to the normal levels?

A

Negative feedback.

68
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by…..

A

An inability to make insulin in the pancreas.

69
Q

Type 2 diabetes is caused by….

A

A lack of response by cells to insulin.

70
Q

What happens to human cells if they lose too much water?

A

Shrivel and eventually die.

71
Q

What happens to human cells if they gain too much water?

A

Swell and eventually burst (lyse).

72
Q

Name two ways other than excretion in which water is lost from the body.

A

Exhalation from the lungs AND sweat from the skin.

73
Q

In addition to water, what else is lost via sweat?

A

Ions and urea.

74
Q

What is removed from the body by the kidneys via urine?

A

xcess water, excess ions and urea.

75
Q

Excess amino acids are broken down into….

A

Ammonia.

76
Q

Within the body, ammonia is immediately converted to what?

A

Urea.

77
Q

Where does the conversion of ammonia into urea occur?

A

The liver.

78
Q

Which hormone controls the water balance of the body and where is it made?

A

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)
hypothalamus
released by pituitary gland

79
Q

Which part of the kidney does ADH affect?

A

The kidney tubule walls.

80
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When the cells lose too much water.

81
Q

What is the effect on urine concentration and volume when ADH is released?

A

Higher concentration, lower volume.

82
Q

What is the effect on urine concentration and volume when ADH is NOT released?

A

Lower concentration, higher volume.

83
Q

How does ADH affect the walls of kidney tubules?

A

Increases the number of aquaporin channels, increasing the volume of water reabsorbed into the blood.

84
Q

State two methods of treating kidney failure.

A

Dialysis and kidney transplant.

85
Q

Name the main female hormone involved in development and reproduction.

A

Oestrogen.

86
Q

Name the main male hormone involved in development and reproduction.

A

Testosterone.

87
Q

What does testosterone cause to happen in men?

A

Stimulates sperm production.

88
Q

Approximately how often is an egg released from the ovaries in a female and what is this process called?

A

Every 28 days, ovulation.

89
Q

What does the release of FSH cause?

A

Maturation of an egg in the ovaries.

90
Q

The release of which hormone stimulates the release of an egg from the ovaries?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH).

91
Q

Which hormones are involved in the maintenance of the uterus lining?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

92
Q

How do oral contraceptives containing hormones prevent pregnancy?

A

Inhibits FSH production so no eggs mature

93
Q

How does an injection, implant or skin patch containing slow-release progesterone prevent pregnancy?

A

Inhibits the maturation of eggs

94
Q

How do barrier methods, such as condoms and diaphragms, prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevents the sperm reaching the egg

95
Q

How do intrauterine devices prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevents the implantation of an embryo AND/OR release hormones

96
Q

How do spermicidal agents prevent pregnancy?

A

Kills or disable sperm

97
Q

How does abstaining from sexual intercourse prevent pregnancy?

A

Reduces the chance of sperm meeting an egg in the oviduct

98
Q

How does surgical sterilisation prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevents sperm or eggs being release by the male or female

99
Q

Name the two hormones given to women to increase fertility.

A

FSH and LH.

100
Q

Detail the steps in IVF treatment.

A
  1. The mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs
  2. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory
  3. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
  4. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).
101
Q

State three drawbacks to IVF treatment.

A
  1. It is very emotionally and physically stressful
  2. The success rates are not high
  3. It can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother
102
Q

State one positive of IVF treatment.

A

It allows pregnancy when previously not possible.

103
Q

Name the hormone which controls the “fight or flight” reaction in humans.

A

Adrenaline

104
Q

Explain two effects adrenaline has on the body.

A

Increases heart rate.

Therefore increases the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles.

105
Q

Where is thyroxine made?

A

Thyroid gland.

106
Q

What does thyroxine do in the body?

A

Increases the basal (base) metabolic rate, therefore increasing growth and development.

107
Q

What is the plant response to light called?

A

Phototropism

108
Q

What is gravitropism or geotropism?

A

The plant response to gravity.

109
Q

What is the role of gibberellins in plants?

A

Initiates seed germination.

110
Q

Which plant hormone controls cell division and the ripening of fruits?

A

Ethene.

111
Q

In which industries are plant hormones regularly used?

A

Agriculture and horticulture.

112
Q

State three ways in which auxins are used.

A
  1. Weed killers
  2. Rooting powders (to stimulate the development of roots)
  3. Promoting growth of plant tissue cultures
113
Q

How is ethene used in the food industry?

A

To control fruit ripening during storage and transport.

114
Q

How are gibberellins used in industry?

A
  1. To end seed dormancy
  2. To promote flowering
  3. To increase fruit size

Biology (6 decks)

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