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Biology > Topic 2 Core Questions - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 Core Questions - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order in which food passes

through the digestive system?

A

Mouth->oesophagus-> stomach-> small intestine->large intestine->rectum->anus

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2
Q

What is the function of the mouth in digestion?

A

To mechanically break up food into smaller pieces to increase surface area.

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3
Q

What are two functions of saliva in digestion?

A
  1. To moisten food to allow easier swallowing,

2. To start chemical digestion by containing salivary amylase.

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4
Q

What is the function of stomach acid?

A

To kill potentially pathogenic microorganisms in food.

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5
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

To absorb carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, vitamins and mineral ions from digested food.

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6
Q

Give an adaptation of:

a) the small intestine
b) cells lining the small intestine to aid absorption of digested molecules.

A

a) Small intestine has structures called villi which increase surface area,
b) Epithelial cells lining the villi have microvilli on their surface which further increase surface area.

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7
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

To absorb water from digested food.

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8
Q

What is the function of the liver in digestion?

A

To produce bile, an emulsifying and neutralising substance.

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9
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

To store bile until it can be released into the small intestine.

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10
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

To store undigested material before excretion.

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11
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein which can catalyse a reaction (speed it up) without being used up itself.

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12
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule or atom which is acted upon by an enzyme.

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13
Q

How does an enzyme “recognise” its specific substrate?

A

A complementarily-shaped “active site” – a region on the enzyme which fits the substrate.

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14
Q

Name two environmental conditions that can change an enzyme’s active site.

A
  1. pH (either higher or lower than optimum)

2. Higher than optimal temperature

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15
Q

Name where carbohydrase is made in the body.

A

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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16
Q

What do carbohydrases break down and what is produced?

A

Carbohydrates to simple sugars (e.g. amylase breaks down starch to glucose).

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17
Q

Name where protease is made in the body.

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

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18
Q

What do proteases break down and what is produced?

A

Proteins to amino acids.

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19
Q

Name where lipase is made in the body.

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

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20
Q

What do lipase’s break down and what is produced?

A

Lipids (fats) to fatty acids and glycerol.

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21
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

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22
Q

How does bile help the action of lipase? (2)

A
  1. Provides alkaline conditions by neutralising acid from the stomach,
  2. Emulsifies fat to form small droplets with a larger surface area
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23
Q

What is the Benedict’s test and how do you carry it out?

A

For testing, if there is sugar in food samples.
Add Benedict’s reagent (blue liquid) leave in a hot water bath for 5 minutes, if it turns orange/brick red, it contains sugar.

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24
Q

What is the Biuret test and how do you carry it out?

A

For testing, if there is protein in food samples.

Add Biuret reagent (blue liquid). If it turns lilac, protein is present.

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25
Q

Which food test can be carried out with iodine?

A 
Testing for the presence of starch. 
Add iodine (reddish brown) drops to food sample. If it turns blue/black, it contains starch.
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26
Q

Which system transports substances around the body?

A

The circulatory system.

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27
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ.

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28
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pump blood around the body.

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29
Q

What are the walls of the heart made from?

A

Muscle tissue.

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30
Q

Name the two types of chambers in the heart

A

Atria and ventricles.

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31
Q

Which are the upper chambers of the heart?

A

Atria.

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32
Q

Which are the lower chambers of the heart?

A

Ventricles.

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33
Q

Where do the atria force blood upon contraction?

A

To the ventricles.

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34
Q

Where do the ventricles force blood upon contraction?

A

Out of the heart.

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35
Q

What is the job of the heart valves?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood in the heart.

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36
Q

To where does blood flow after leaving the right hand side of the heart?

A

The lungs.

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37
Q

To where does blood flow after leaving the left hand side of the heart?

A

The rest of the body.

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38
Q

Through which blood vessel does blood flow away from the heart?

A

Arteries.

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39
Q

Through which blood vessel does blood flow back into the heart?

A

Veins.

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40
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood leaves to the rest of the body.

A

Aorta.

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41
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood arrives back from the rest of the body.

A

Vena cava.

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42
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood leaves the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary artery.

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43
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood leaves the lungs to go back to the heart.

A

Pulmonary vein.

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44
Q

Which blood vessels have thick walls containing muscle tissue and elastic fibres?

A

Arteries.

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45
Q

Which blood vessels have thinner walls and contain valves?

A

Veins.

46
Q

Name two key adaptations of capillaries.

A
  1. Very thin (only one cell thick) to reduce distance diffusion has to occur across.
  2. Very narrow to reduce distance diffusion has to occur across.
47
Q

Where is the “natural” pacemaker of the heart located?

A

The right atrium.

48
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

The upper part of the body (thorax).

49
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

The ribcage.

50
Q

What separates the lungs from the abdomen (lower part of body)?

A

The diaphragm.

51
Q

Which gas diffuses into the bloodstream?

A

Oxygen.

52
Q

Which gas diffuses out of the bloodstream?

A

Carbon dioxide.

53
Q

Name the structure which carries air from the nose/mouth.

A

Trachea.

54
Q

Name the two structures which branch off from the trachea.

A

Bronchi (singular: bronchus).

55
Q

Name the structure which branch off from the bronchi.

A

Bronchiole(s).

56
Q

What are the small gas exchange structures in the lungs called?

A

Alveoli (singular: alveolus).

57
Q

Describe four adaptations alveoli have to make them well suited for gas exchange.

A
  1. Thin walls (one cell thick).
  2. Extensive capillary network covering the surface of each alveolus.
  3. Efficient movement of blood through capillaries to maintain a concentration gradient for diffusion of oxygen & carbon dioxide.
  4. Folded inner surface to give a large surface area.
58
Q

What is the liquid part of blood called?

A

Plasma.

59
Q

What are the three main cell types found in blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

60
Q

What does blood plasma transport from the organs to the lungs?

A

Carbon dioxide.

61
Q

What does blood plasma transport from the small intestine to other organs?

A

Soluble products of digestion.

62
Q

What does blood plasma transport from the liver to the kidneys?

A

Urea.

63
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

Oxygen.

64
Q

What do red blood cells lack?

A

A nucleus.

65
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Defend the body against microorganisms.

66
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help clot the blood at wound sites.

67
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle tissue.

68
Q

What occurs in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?

A

The coronary arteries become blocked with fatty deposits, narrowing them.

69
Q

Why is the coronary artery becoming blocked with fatty deposits a problem?

A

Reduces flow of blood to the heart, therefore reducing supply of oxygen, glucose and pickup of carbon dioxide.

70
Q

How do stents treat Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?

A

Re-opens the blocked coronary artery, restoring blood flow.

71
Q

How do statins treat Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?

A

Decreases the blood concentration of cholesterol, which reduces build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries.

72
Q

Why are faulty heart valves life-threatening?

A

Allows backflow of blood.

73
Q

Name two sources of replacement heart valves.

A
  1. Mechanical.

2. Biological (e.g. pigs or sheep).

74
Q

Describe a treatment used in the case of total heart failure.

A

Heart transplant.

75
Q

Name a risk of surgical intervention in heart disease.

A

Infection.

76
Q

When would an artificial heart be used?

A
  1. To allow the heart to rest and recover.

2. To keep the patient alive whilst they wait for a transplant.

77
Q

What is “health”?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being.

78
Q

What are the two types of disease?

A

Communicable (caused by a pathogen) and non-communicable.

79
Q

Give an example of how different diseases can interact.

A
  • Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
  • Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
  • Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
  • Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
80
Q

Name three factors, other than pathogens, which can influence health.

A
  1. Diet
  2. Stress
  3. Life situations
81
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A factor linked to an increased rate of disease.

82
Q

Give two general examples of a risk factor.

A
  1. The lifestyle of a person

2. Substances in the person’s body or environment

83
Q

What is meant by “correllation does not imply causation”?

A

Just because two variables are correllated (one increases as the other increases), doesn’t mean that one causes the other e.g. ice cream sales and number of sunburnt people

84
Q

Some risk factors have had a causal mechanisms proven for some diseases. Name three examples.

A
  • The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease.
  • Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
  • The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.
  • Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
  • The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.
  • The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.
85
Q

Most diseases are termed “multi-factorial”. What does this mean?

A

Multiple risk factors contributing to the person developing the disease.

86
Q

What is cancer?

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

87
Q

How do cancers develop?

A

DNA in cells is changed (mutated)

88
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A growth of abnormal cells which is contained in one area within the body and will not invade other body parts.

89
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A growth of abnormal cells which invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.

90
Q

Name three main lifestyle risk factors for cancer.

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Excessive alcohol use
  3. Obesity
91
Q

Name another risk factor in the development of cancer.

A

Genetic.

92
Q

Name six plant tissues.

A 
Epidermal
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
xylem
phloem
meristem.
93
Q

Describe the function of the epidermis

A

Epidermis - To cover and protect

94
Q

Describe the function of the palisade mesophyll

A

Palisade mesophyll - The site of photosynthesis

95
Q

Describe the function of the spongy mesophyll

A

Spongy mesophyll - Gas exchange

96
Q

Describe the function of the xylem

A

Xylem - Transport of water and dissolved ions

97
Q

Describe the function of the phloem

A

Phloem - Transport of sugars made in photosynthesis

98
Q

Describe the function of the guard cells

A

Guard cells - To allow gas exchange and control water loss

99
Q

Name three plant tissues.

A 
The epidermis 
the palisade mesophyll
the spongy mesophyll
the xylem
the phloem
guard cells.
100
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water from the roots to the leaves, eventually leaving the leaves via evaporation.

101
Q

Name four factors which affect the rate of transpiration in plants.

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Humidity
  3. Air movement
  4. Light intensity
102
Q

How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?

A

Higher temp increases transpiration rate

103
Q

How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?

A

Higher humidity decreases transpiration rate

104
Q

How does wind or air flow affect rate of transpiration?

A

More wind increases transpiration rate (as maintains step concentration gradient)

105
Q

How does light intensity affect rate of transpiration?

A

More light increases transpiration rate

106
Q

Name the equipment used to estimate transpiration rate.

A

Potometer - a device that measures the volume of water uptake in a plant shoot

107
Q

Name three plant organs.

A

Leaves, stems and roots.

108
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

109
Q

Describe the adaptations of xylem tissue.

A

Hollow tubes strengthened by lignin.

110
Q

Describe the adaptations of phloem tissue.

A

Elongated cells with pores in the end cell walls to aid the movement of dissolved sugars.

111
Q

What is the role of stomata and guard cells?

A

To allow gas exchange and contol water loss.

Biology (6 decks)

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