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Biology > Topic 3 Core questions - Infection and response > Flashcards

Topic 3 Core questions - Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

Name four ways in which diseases caused by pathogens can be spread

A

Through the air, through water, direct contact (e.g. STDs), vectors.

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2
Q

Name four ways in which the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented.

A

Hand-washing, safer sex practices, vaccination, eradication of vectors.

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes infectious disease.

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4
Q

Name the four classes of pathogens.

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi.

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5
Q

Why is there a short delay between infection by a pathogen and feeling ill from the infection?

A

Bacteria and viruses need to reproduce to a certain number before their effects are noticeable.

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6
Q

Why might viruses cause more damage than bacteria?

A

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.

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7
Q

In what way might bacteria cause damage to cells and tissues?

A

Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of the measles virus?

A

Fever and a red skin rash.

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9
Q

How is the measles virus spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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10
Q

Why are children vaccinated against the measles virus?

A

Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise.

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11
Q

What are the initial symptoms of HIV infection?

A

HIV initially causes a flu-like illness.

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12
Q

What is the aim of antiretroviral drugs?

A

To stop the virus from replicating.

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13
Q

How does HIV lead to AIDS?

A

When the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.

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14
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles

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15
Q

What is TMV and what type of organism does it affect?

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

A distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.

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17
Q

How does Salmonella cause disease and what are the symptoms?

A

Spread by the bacteria being ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

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18
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella controlled in the UK?

A

In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.

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19
Q

How is the bacterial disease Gonorrhoea spread?

A

Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.

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20
Q

How can the spread of the bacterial disease Gonorrhoea be controlled?

A

Treatment with antibiotics or use of a barrier method of contraception e.g. condoms.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urination.

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22
Q

What issues are there with the treatment for Gonorrhoea?

A

Was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.

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23
Q

What is rose black spot disease?

A

A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.

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24
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

It is spread in the environment by water or wind.

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25
Q

How does rose black spot affect a plant?

A

It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is affected due to discolouration & destruction of the leaves.

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26
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

Using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.

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27
Q

What causes malaria?

A

A protist.

28
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Spread via mosquito.

29
Q

How is malaria treated?

A

Anti-malarial drugs.

30
Q

How is the spread of malaria controlled?

A

Eradication of vectors such as mosquitos and/or use of mosquito nets at night to avoid being bitten.

31
Q

What are the four first line non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens?

A

Skin, nose, trachea and bronchi, stomach.

32
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

If a pathogen enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen.

33
Q

Name three ways in which white blood cells help to defend against pathogens.

A

Phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxin production.

34
Q

What is the purpose of vaccination programmes?

A

Can prevent illness in an individual and reduces spread of the pathogen in a population.

35
Q

What does a vaccination contain?

A

A small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen.

36
Q

How does the contents of a vaccine prevent future infection?

A

It stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce more of the correct antibodies quickly, preventing infection.

37
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Killing infective bacteria inside the body through many different ways e.g. preventing the cell wall from forming or preventing DNA from being replicated.

38
Q

What are the current concerns around antibiotic treatment?

A

The emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics means many antibiotics no longer work effectively.

39
Q

What are painkillers used for?

A

Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.

40
Q

What are the issues with treating viral diseases?

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens. It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues.

41
Q

Name three examples of drugs extracted from plants and microorganisms and state what they are used for.

A
  1. The heart drug digitalis originates from foxglove plants
  2. The painkiller aspirin originates from willow trees
  3. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould
42
Q

How are most drugs manufactured now?

A

Synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. (However, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant or microorganism.)

43
Q

Why do new drugs need to be tested and trialled?

A

New drugs are extensively tested for toxicity, efficacy and dose to check that they are safe and effective.

44
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.

45
Q

What is involved in the first stage of a clinical trial?

A

Clinical trials use small numbers of healthy volunteers and patients. Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.

46
Q

If a drug is found to be safe in the first stage of testing, what happens next?

A

If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials on larger groups of healthy volunteers and patients are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.

47
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo. Neither the doctor nor patient know whether they have been given a placebo in order to reduce potential bias.

48
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

From a single clone of B-lymphocyte (B-cell) cell.

49
Q

What do antibodies recognise?

A

Antigens - part of a specific chemical or cell in the body.

50
Q

What name is given to the section of the antibody that does this?

A

The antigen binding site.

51
Q

What is a hybridoma cell?

A

The combination of a lymphocyte and a tumour cell.

52
Q

Why are hybridoma cells created?

A

They have the ability to create the required antibody and divide rapidly.

53
Q

Once one hybridoma is made, what is then done with it?

A

Cloned to create many identical cells.

54
Q

Name 4 possible uses of monoclonal antibodies.

A
  1. For pregnancy tests/diagnosis
  2. Measurement of hormone/chemical/pathogen levels in the blood
  3. Research to identify specific molecules in cells or tissues by binding with fluorescent dyes
  4. Treatment of some diseases like cancer
55
Q

How can antibodies be used to treat conditions such as cancer?

A

Bind radioactive/toxic substances that are able to stop cells growing and dividing. The antibody will bind specifically to the cancer cells and deliver the substances without harming the other body cells.

56
Q

Name three ways of visually detecting a plant disease.

A

Stunted growth; spots on leaves; areas of decay (rot); growths on part of the plant; malformed stems or leaves; discolouration; the presence of pests.

57
Q

Name three ways to identify a plant disease.

A
  1. Look symptoms up in a gardening manual or website
  2. Taking the infected plant to a laboratory
  3. Using a testing kits that contains monoclonal antibodies
58
Q

Name four possible causes of plant diseases.

A

Viruses; bacteria; fungi; insects.

59
Q

How do aphids damage plants?

A

Pierce stems with their mouthparts to drink sugary liquid in phloem, introduce pathogens and deprive plants of sugars.

60
Q

Name two problems caused in plants by an ion deficiency.

A

Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency AND chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency.

61
Q

Why does a lack of nitrate ions affect plant growth?

A

Nitrate ions are used to make proteins.

62
Q

Why does a lack of magnesium ions affect plant growth?

A

Magnesium ions are used to make chlorophyll.

63
Q

Name some physical defences of plants.

A

Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.

64
Q

Name some chemical defences of plants.

A

Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores,

65
Q

Name some chemical defences of plants.

A

Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores,

66
Q

Name some mechanical defences of plants.

A

Thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves which droop or curl when touched, mimicry to trick animals.

Biology (6 decks)

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