Topic 5 Flashcards
Crude Oil
A mixture of hydrocarbons formed from dead microscopic organisms and heat and pressure over millions of year
Fossil Fuels
Non-renewable fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas that have formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals
Hydrocarbon
A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Mixture
A substance containing two or more different substances that are not chemically joined together
Non-renewable Resource
Resources that cannot be replaced once they have been used. Non-renewable resources will eventually run out.
Fractional Distillation
The process by which a mixture of two or more liquids is separated, for example crude oil is separated into different fractions. The mixture of liquids is boiled and the vapour from it is condensed
Fractions
The different mixtures into which crude oil is separated
Bitumen
The fraction of crude oil with the longest molecules. It I used for making roads and roofs
Kerosene
Crude oil fraction used as fuel for jet engines
Diesel Oil
Fraction of crude oil used as a fuel in lorries and some cars
Fuels Oil
Crude oil fraction used as fuel for ships and lubrication
Petrol
Crude oil fraction used for cars
Ignite
To start burning (set alight)
Viscosity
How thick or runny a liquid is. Lower viscosity is very runny, high viscosity is thick
Boiling point
The temperature at which all of the substance turns into a gas
Combustion
Chemical reaction when substances burn, combining with oxygen to produce heat and waste products such as carbon dioxide
Test for Carbon Dioxide
Turns limewater milky (cloudy)
Complete Combustion
Combustion of hydrocarbons with enough oxygen present to convert all the fuel into carbon dioxide and water
Incomplete Combustion
Combustion that occurs without enough oxygen to completely oxidise all the fuel. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon (soot)
Carbon Monoxide
A toxic gas (CO), it is found in tobacco smoke that replaces oxygen in the blood, and so reduces the amount of oxygen carried around the body
Soot
Tiny particles of solid carbon produced by incomplete combustion
Acid Rain
Rain that is more acidic than normal, due to sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides dissolved in it
Climate Change
Changes I the Earth’s climate, or changes in weather patterns on a global scale
Global Warming
The increase in the Earth’s average temperature likely to be caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
When gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy and keep the Earth warm
Greenhouse Gases
Gases that help to trap heat in the atmosphere. Examples include carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour
Biofuels
Any fuels made by humans from animal or plant materials that have recently died.
Biogas
Methane made from animal manure or biodegradable waste from homes and farms
Biodiesel
Diesel fuel made from plant material
Ethanol
A fuel made by processing sugar beet or sugar cane
Carbon Neutral
A fuel or process that does not add any carbon dioxide to the atmosphere overall
Renewable
Any energy resource that will not run out
Fuel Cell
A device which produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen without burning
Alkanes
A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
Alkenes
A hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Bonds
Forces of attraction holding atoms together in a molecule
Double Bonds
When two bonds join a pair of the same atoms (usually two carbon atoms)
Bromine water
A solution of bromine in water that turns colourless when mixed with an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Saturated
A molecule with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsaturated
A molecule with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Cracking
Splitting up long chain hydrocarbon molecules into shorter ones
Polymer
A long molecule made by joining many smaller molecules (monomers) together
Poly(chloroethene)
A polymer made from chloroethene monomers. Also known as PVC. Used for window frames and gutters.
Poly(ethene)
A polymer made from ethane monomers. Used in plastic bags and bottles
Poly(propene)
A polymer made from propene monomers. Used for buckets and bowls.
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)
The chemical name for PTFE, which is also known as Teflon. Used as a non-stick coating for saucepans
Polymerisation
The process of making a polymer
Monomer
Small molecule used to make a polymer
Plastics
The common name for many polymers
Biodegradable
A substance that can be broken down by microorganisms
Incinerate
Burn
