Topic 5 Flashcards
What were the Catholic elements of the religious settlement?
Included vestamonts
Decorated churches
Fined for recusants
What do you need to know about Mary Queen of Scots?
She is a LEGITIMATE Tudor
She had 1 son- James, who was raised as a Protestant by Scottish nobles
What was Mary Stuart’s early life like?
She was born in 1542
In 1548, she was sent to Catholic France, where she was brought up and educated
When she was 15, she was married to Prince Franchise in 1559- only for him to die in 1560
Who were Mary QoS’s husbands?
Mary and Darnley (Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley)
Mary and Bothwell
What was the relationship between Mary and Darnley?
They married in 1565- in 1566, James VI of Scotland was born
It was an unhappy marriage- Darnley was very jealous, and his Italian secretary (David Rizzio) was friendly to Mary
9th March 1566- Darnley and his friends murdered Rizzio by stabbing him
9th February 1567- Darnley became sick with (assumed) smallpox- at 2am, there was a huge explosion at Kirk O’field, where Darnley was at
His body was found, but he was clearly strangled
What was the relationship between Mary and Bothwell?
She became friendly with James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
Bothwell was accused of Darnley’s murder, but found not guilty
3 months later, Mary got married to Bothwell
What was Mary’s abdication like?
Mary’s Lords rebelled against her, and she was imprisoned at Loch Leven, and she was forced to abdicate in 1567
1567- Mary escaped Loch Leven
May 1568- Mary fled to England
Bothwell fled to Scandinavia, but was caught in Norway and never seen again
MARY ENTERS ENGLAND IN 1568
Mary hopes that Elizabeth would help her get the Scottish throne back
How did Elizabeth react to Mary’s arrival?
She was put in house arrest in the North of England
She was moved regularly and had no visitors so there wasn’t time to plot
She was in house arrest for 19 years- from 1568-1587
What can be used to describe the Rebellion of the Northern Earls?
A POORLY PLANNED PLOT
Where in the order of the Catholic plots was the Rebellion of the Northern Earls?
1st
What were the causes of the Rebellion of the Northern Earls?
The arrival of Mary in 1568 gave hope to many English Catholics
The Catholics wanted a Catholic monarch and to restore Catholicism
‘Old money’ nobles now had less power since Elizabeth had appointed a loyal Council of the North to govern instead, and these members were all loyal Protestants
Elizabeth had taken land from the Earls- e.g. The Earl of Northumberland lost access to copper, and suffered financial hardship
Who were the leaders of the Rebellion of the Northern Earls and how could you describe their families?
They were all POWERFUL, ANCIENT families
Neville (Earl of Westmorland)
Percy (Earl of Northumberland)
Howard (Duke of Norfolk)
How was the Duke of Norfolk involved in the plan and what was his relationship to Elizabeth?
Howard was a distant relative of Elizabeth
The plan was to marry him to Mary
What led the Dukes to rebel (what happened to their plan)?
Their secret plan was found out, but they didn’t attend when summoned to court because they thought they’d face imprisonment and death
Instead, this led them to think the only option was to revolt
What happened during the Rebellion of the Northern Earls?
The plan was for Mary to marry Norfolk
Mary secretly supported the plan
Dudley finds out about the plan and arrests Norfolk
Westmoreland and Northumberland raised an army of AROUND 4600 MEN, all local peasants
The army marched around and held Catholic mass in Durham- they also tore up the English Book of Common Prayers and the Bible- a sign of rejection to the settlement
When the Queen sent forces North, the two leaders retreated until January 1570
When was the Rebellion of the Northern Earls?
1569 to 1570
Why did the Rebellion of the Northern Earls fail?
They had no support form certain places in the North
The people wanted stability, not a rebellion
Support from the Spanish was promised, but never arrived
Fear that Mary Stuart would become like Mary I (take all Protestant’s land, etc.)
Mary was moved to Coventry, which was the centre of Protestantism
Norfolk was bragging about the plan, which is how it was found out
What was the consequences of the Rebellion of the Northern Earls?
Mary Queen of Scots cannot be trusted
The loyalty of Catholics were doubted
Pope excommunicates Elizabeth (and thus, the entirety of England)- and openly encouraged Catholics to overthrow her
Northumberland was executed
Westmoreland fled and dies in poverty
Norfolk was pardoned
What was the Excommunication of Elizabeth?
Pope issued the PAPAL BULL in 1570
Elizabeth was a “servant of wickedness”, according to the Pope
Pope calls upon Catholics to remove her from the throne
Anyone who attempted to remove Elizabeth from the throne would go to heaven
When was the Papal Bull?
February 1570
What was the Treason Act and when was it passed?
Passed in 1571
It was treason to declare Elizabeth wasn’t the lawful queen
Treason to reprint or repeat any part of the Papal Bull
Catholicos who fled England for over twelve months had their property confiscated
When was the Ridolfi Plot and where was it in the order of Catholic Plots?
It was inn 1571, and it’s the second plot
What can you describe the Ridolfi Plot as?
A POORLY PLANNED PLOT
Who were the leaders of the Ridolfi Plot and what did they do?
Roberto di Ridolfi= Italian Catholic banker
Duke of Norfolk
Philip II of Spain
The Pope
De Specs (Spanish Ambassador)
What was the plot of the Ridolfi Plot?
Spanish army would land and help English Catholics assassinate and overthrow Elizabeth to make Mary queen
Mary would marry the Duke of Norfolk
Turn England into a Roman Catholic country again
What were the causes of the Ridolfi plot?
The Excommunication of Elizabeth
The Papal Bull (encouraging rebellion)
Elizabeth being Protestant
What was the consequences of the Ridolfi Plot?
Cecil and Walsingham found out about the plan
Torture (allowed by Elizabeth) of lower level Catholics revealed the plan and other conspirators- e.g. 40 was a code name for the Duke of Norfolk
Norfolk was found guilty and executed
Mary was kept in prison
Ridolfi and De Specs were expelled from England
Why did Elizabeth not execute Mary?
Executing royal blood would go against God’s will
If Mary was executed, it would anger many Catholics and cause future plots, and may result in action from France, Spain or the Pope
There was no evidence that Mary was involved
Elizabeth was reluctant to order the execution of her cousin and heir to the throne
When was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583-84, and it was the last plan out of the Catholic plots
Who were the leaders of the Throckmorton Plot?
Francis Throckmorton
de Mendoza
Duke of Guise
What caused the Throckmorton Plot?
The Papal Bull
Jesuit Priests
Elizabeth being a Protestant
What was the plan for the Throckmorton plot?
French Catholic forces would invade England
Free Mary
Turn England Catholic again
What were the consequences for the Throckmorton plot?
Throckmorton was executed
Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire, and was banned from any visitors. Any mail was checked by Walsingham’s agents
Mendoza was expelled from England
When was the Babington Plot?
It was in 1568, and was the last plot
What were the causes of the Babington plot?
Catholicism
Mary was frustrated at being in prison, and she was constantly isolated
The Papal Bull
Who was involved in the Babington plot?
Mary
Babington and 6 other Catholics
Walsingham
King Philip II of Spain
What was the plan for the Babington plot?
Kill Elizabeth
Replace Elizabeth with the help of Spanish forces (which never arrived)
Make England Catholic again
Why did the plan fail?
Walsingham broke the cipher used when writing the letters (They used a code)
He had the names because he used the code to ask for the names
Mary and Babington didn’t know the code was deciphered
What were the consequences of the Babington plot?
August 1586, Walsingham stuck- he arrested Babington and he confessed
Babington and the other six Catholics were executed
Walsingham now had proof that Mary was involved
Mary was taken to trial of treason (after much pressure) and found guilty- Elizabeth put off signing the death warrant until 1st February 1587 where she was executed
What were the consequences of the death of Mary?
Had a limited impact
No further Catholic plots
King James VI of Scotland protested at her mother’s death but never took any action
King Henry III of France didn’t do anything- wanted to keep friendly because of Spain’s growing power
Philip of Spain was already planning an invasion
How many seminary priests were sent to England?
438
Who set the seminary priests up, when were they set up and where were they set up?
William Allen set them up
Set up in 1568
Founded in Flanders
How did Parliament Respond to the seminary Priests?
They had to leave or be sentenced to death
Hiding a priest or helping one could sentence you to death
How did seminary Priests pose a threat to Elizabeth?
They caused plots and religious stability
What were Jesuit priests also known as, when was it founded when were they sent to England and did they do so?
They were known as the ‘Society of Jesus’, and they were founded in 1534
They arrived in 1580, and did so in disguise
What did Jesuit priests do and what was their chief aim?
They held services for Catholic families in their houses
Their chief aim was to destroy heresy (Protestants not following Catholicism is the main form)
What did the government believe about Jesuit priests?
They believed Jesuit priests were missionaries who wanted to convert people to become Roman Catholic
Who was Edmund Campion and what did he do?
He wrote a book called “10 reasons” to explain why Catholicism was the true faith. He used a printing press to produce it
When was Edmund Campion captured and where?
He was betrayed and captured in Lyford Grange, Oxfordshire
Captured in July 1581
What was Edmund Campion made to wear on his way to London and what did he do before entering the torture room?
He was made to wear a sign that said “Campion, the seditious Jesuit”
He knelt down and prayed before he entered the torture room
How and when was Edmund Campion executed?
After being tortured on the rack, he was executed by hanging (hanging, drawn and quartered)
Executed on the 1st December
Who were the leaders of the Throckmorton Plot?
Francis Throckmorton
de Mendoza
Duke of Guise
