Topic 5

Question 1

What is defensible space?

Answer 1

Having a protective attitude towards a shared area

Question 2

What is Newman’s theory?

Answer 2

Newman states steps in order to create a defensible space.

1. Territoriality- creating zones where residents have a sense of ownership
2. Natural surveillance- residents are able to see what’s happening in their neighbourhood
3. Image- refers to the physical attributes of housing developments that make them defensible.
4. Milieu (surroundings)- making the most of a developments location close to heavily used communal areas.

Question 3

What did Newman do when researching Van Dyke and Brownsville housing projects?

Answer 3

Van Dyke= high rise flats

Brownsville= series of walk up buildings

Van Dyke had higher levels of crime and graffiti because…
- Brownsville was built around courtyards which provided better opportunities for surveillance.
- Brownsville had more communal areas than Van Dyke. Thus, residents have a sense of community and strangers could easily be identified and challenged.

Question 4

Explain ‘broken windows’ theory?

Answer 4

It is a metaphor for behavioural norms breaking down in a community.

If a broken window is smashed, vandals will soon break the remaining windows. Therefore, a signal is sent that no one is in charge and there will be no consequences.

Question 5

Briefly outline Zimbardo’s evidence for broken windows theory

Question 6

Explain zero tolerance policing?

Answer 6

Created by Bill Britton during the 90s

It involves the relentless order maintenance and aggressive laws enforcement against even minor crimes such as littering, graffiti and vandalism and not simply prioritising serious crimes such as assault and burglary.