topic 4d and 4e Flashcards
List the main nutrients that animals require
minerals, vitamins, water
energy supplicant
carbohydrates, protiens, lipids
Essential nutrients
Essential nutrients cannot be manufactured in the body and needs to be consumed (diet) these include; amino acid, fats and acids
List the five tasks that need to be accomplished by digestive systems
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Explain the difference between ‘intracellular’ and ‘extracellular’ digestion
intracellular - digestion occurs within single cells. the collar cells absorbs the food in vacuole with digestive enzymes which breaks down the molecules.
extracellular - feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane
Describe the general structure of a tubular digestive system, and the specialisations that have been evolved by vertebrates for digesting different types of foods
hint: ruminants
Tubular system is a one way tube in mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and earthworms and vertebrates.
The structure is the same; Mouth, Oesophagus, Small intestine, Large intestine.
ruminants - evolved to digest cellulose through a rumen using microbiomes to aid digestion.
birds store much of their food
Explain the structures, processes and outcomes involved with digestion in humans,
Mouth - physically beaks down food and mucus aids swallow.
Oesophagus - mucus aid movement
Stomach - Walls churn physically breaking down and villi absorb nutrients
Small intestine - absorption aided by pancreas and liver enzyme secretion.
Liver - bile physicaly breaks apart the fate and lipases breaks molecular.
Pancreas - secret juice and enzyems for digestion
Large Intestine - colon absorpts nutrients and rectum form faeces.
Identify factors that may influence enzymatic activity
Mouth - some saliva contains enzymes
Stomach - villi hold microvilli studded with enzymes.
Small intestine - most absorption lots of enzymes
Liver - bile and lipases
Pancreas - juice
large intestine - colon secrets enzymes
List the basic functions of urinary systems, the sequence of processes that they carry out, and the three forms of nitrogenous wastes produced by animals
produced and eliminate urine
three major nitrogenous waste
- Ammonia (Fish)
- Urea (mammals)
- Uric acid (bird)
maintain homeostasis.
List the functions of the mammalian urinary system and the structures that comprise it
Structure
Paired kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Functions
Filtration - urine formation
Reabsorption - nutrients removed during filtration absorbed back into blood.
Secretion - waste removes from the blood via active transport into the renal tubule
Describe the range of excretory systems found in animals, including protonephridia, Malpighian tubules and nephridia
Protonephridia
In sponges and Cnidarians filter the interstitial fluid in flatworms. Tubules branch throughout the body tipped with flame cells that create current.
Mapighian
Mapighian tubules absorb waste in hemolymph and move it to the rectum.
Nephridia
The body cavity (coelom) filled with interstitial fluid absorbs waste from the blood. The waste is excreted through the nephridiopore.
Describe the structure of the human kidney and the process of urine formation
Urine is formed in the renal cortex
Renal medulla is below that with surrounds a chamber named the renal pelvis which conducts the urine into the ureter
Nephrons are the basic functional unit of the kidney and million of these are in the kidney which form urine.
Nephron is made from the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) and the renal tubule (proximal tubule, loop of Henle (nephron loop). Distal tubule and collecting duct)
Describe how the vertebrate kidney helps maintain homeostasis, and list adaptations of vertebrates in diverse environments that allow them to successfully osmoregulate
Retain nutrients
Manages pH of blood
Water balance
Osmoregulation helps maintain osmolarity
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Consider cammales which have a longer nephron loop which boost reabsorption of water.
